Evolutionary Analysis (5th Edition)
5th Edition
ISBN: 9780321616678
Author: Jon C. Herron, Scott Freeman
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 1, Problem 8Q
Design a study to test our prediction that human populations will evolve in response to selection imposed by HIV. Where would you conduct it? What data would you collect? How would you present your results?
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The method of applying the molecular clock to determine the timing of the most recent common ancestor of HIV to 1930 was used to....
O 1. Test the hypothesis that HIV jumped from a bat population into humans
2. Test whether HIV was circulating in the human population at the same time as the Spanish Flu influenza A virus
O 3. Calculate the divergence time between HIV-1 and HIV-2
O 4. Test whether HIV was spread through a contaminated polio vaccine in the 1950s
O 5. Estimate the rate of evolution for all human retroviruses
Which of the following statements accurately describes what we learned about HIV evolution?
a.
HIV is more deadly in Northern Europe, but more transmissible in Africa. That is why there are more individuals infected with the illness in Africa.
b.
HIV shares a most recently common ancestor with Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) such that SIV evolved as it host-switched from chimpanzees and gorillas into humans multiple times.
c.
Drug development is exceedingly difficult because there are very few drug targets for HIV and AZT (a reverse transcriptase inhibitor) alone is the single most effective treatment for HIV.
d.
Evolution of HIV virions within a person is quite slow such that a blood draw after 1 year of infection would reveal that every single virion would have the exact same sequence.
In regards to HIV resistance allele and the incidence of AIDS is a population, answer the following:
Q: In terms of a change in net mutation rate, what would happen if the mutation rate from the resistant to
non-resistant allele was increased, or vice versa? Create an answer that is supported.
Chapter 1 Solutions
Evolutionary Analysis (5th Edition)
Ch. 1 - Prob. 1QCh. 1 - Prob. 2QCh. 1 - Prob. 3QCh. 1 - Given the risk of evolution of resistance, why do...Ch. 1 - Prob. 5QCh. 1 - Prob. 6QCh. 1 - In a monograph published in 1883, Alexander Graham...Ch. 1 - Design a study to test our prediction that human...Ch. 1 - Prob. 9QCh. 1 - Suppose that HIV were the ancestor of the SIVs,...
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- Consider that you are a civilian resident living on the Chatham Island in New Zealand where a long-finned pilot whale stranding event with 100 beached whales is happening and maybe have even been participating in the response to the strandings. Raise specific questions that you may have for the local government or researchers about the stranding. Argue for an alternate hypothesis as to why the event occurred. Use and fully cite in-text peer-reviewed journals and government organizations, to support all data. Then, provide a full reference section at the end to list all the sources usedarrow_forwardIf this model continues, with no major changes to the environment, what do you expect to happen? A) rabbits will continue to get lighter over time B) there is no way to predict because mutations are random C) mutations will all die out leaving only the original fur color D) dark gray fur will become the common phenotype because it favors survivalarrow_forwardWhich evolutionary mechanisms (natural selection, mutation, genetic drift, or gene flow) would you need to understand to predict the success of genetically modified mosquitoes to: 1. Drive the mosquito population to extinction? 2. Replace the mosquito population with genetically modified mosquitoes that can not transmit malaria?arrow_forward
- Apply the VIDA table to the evolution of sickle cell disease to justify whether it is an instance of evolution by natural selection. Answer the following questions. Is there variation in this trait in the population? How exactly does it vary? Is the trait at least partly inherited? Is there selection for this trait in a particular environment? (What is the selective pressure? And how does a trait give an advantage or disadvantage in that environment?) What is the evidence that this trait makes organisms better adapted to their environment?arrow_forwardWe often observe the evolutionary loss of “useless” organs, such as the eyes in many cave-dwelling animals. a) Provide two different hypotheses to explain this loss: an adaptive and a nonadaptive hypothesis. b) How might these hypotheses be tested? Describe what type of data you would need to collect, or potential experiments.arrow_forwardImagine that you travel around the world and find two populations of fish that look very similar, but one one population lives in a cold climate and is very cold-resistant (produces an antifreeze protein), while the other population lives in warm climate and is not cold-resistant (and does not produce the antifreeze protein). Okay, let's try to figure out how we would decide what the difference between the two populations of fish is - why one is cold-resistant (and produces an antifreeze protein), and the other is not cold-resistant (and does not produce the antifreeze protein). Which of the below results from some experiments you did would lead you to conclude that the difference between the two fish evolved by phenotypic plasticity? Group of answer choices A-Embryos from fish that grew up in the warm climate were raised in the cold climate. They produced the antifreeze protein and were cold-resistant. B-A mutation in the cold-resistant fish was discovered that is not…arrow_forward
- Can viruses adapt by natural selection? A. No, because there isn't a genetic basis for inheritance between parent and offspring virus particles. B. No, because there isn't a way to distinguish more fit from less fit virus particles C. Yes but only via human (domestic/artificial) selection D. No they evolve by mutations. E. Yes, virus particles that are most successful successful in reproducing quickly and infecting other host cells are the best adapted.arrow_forwardPINE TREE NEEDLES Variation among members of a population can lead to natural selection, but only if two conditions are met: First, the trait must be relevant to an individual's survival and/or reproductive rate. Second, variation in this trait must be heritable, that is, at least partly controlled by genes. a. How might you design an experiment to determine the importance of needle length in determining survival and reproduction? b. How might you test the extent to which needle length is heritable?arrow_forwardMaria has a sore throat. Her father takes her to the doctor and she is given an antibiotic. After ten days, Maria is still sick. Use the model seen here and describe what has happened to Maria in terms of natural selection. A) The medicine causes some bacteria to become resistant to antibiotics. They survive and reproduce. B) Some of the bacteria are resistant to the antibiotic. They survive and reproduce, keeping Maria sick. C) After being subjected to the antibiotics, some bacteria change and they can survive the medicine. Maria remains sick. D) In a population of bacteria, variation exists. The bacteria that have increased resistance to medicine outcompete the non-resistant bacteria for food. Not Gradedarrow_forward
- Although natural selection is sometimes called the survival of the fittest, it is ultimately a process of: a) differential reproduction b) differential consumption c) differential migration d) differential mutationarrow_forwardHow do mutations and selection work together to create antibiotic resistance? Describe how antibiotics act as a selective pressure on a bacterial population and how mutations can lead to bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics.arrow_forwardAntibiotic resistance is on the rise due to greater use of antibiotics, including the use with livestock. Explain your understanding of the rise in use of antibiotics. How are antibiotics used in raising livestock? How does this pose a threat to humans? What can we learn about the process of natural selection and evolution from the antibiotic-resistant bacteria? How should this change the use of antibiotics? Your post/article should be a minimum of 500 words in length.arrow_forward
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