Evolutionary Analysis (5th Edition)
5th Edition
ISBN: 9780321616678
Author: Jon C. Herron, Scott Freeman
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 1, Problem 3Q
Summary Introduction
To determine: The reason how some patients were infected with AZT-resistant strains of HIV-1 though they never received AZT.
Introduction: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a life-threatening disorder that is caused by a retrovirus called human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This is a life-threatening syndrome because the virus interferes with the body’s ability to fight against diseases by destroying T cells of the immune system.
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Chapter 1 Solutions
Evolutionary Analysis (5th Edition)
Ch. 1 - Prob. 1QCh. 1 - Prob. 2QCh. 1 - Prob. 3QCh. 1 - Given the risk of evolution of resistance, why do...Ch. 1 - Prob. 5QCh. 1 - Prob. 6QCh. 1 - In a monograph published in 1883, Alexander Graham...Ch. 1 - Design a study to test our prediction that human...Ch. 1 - Prob. 9QCh. 1 - Suppose that HIV were the ancestor of the SIVs,...
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- What part of the HIV lifecycle is disrupted by the drugs indinavir and amprenavir?arrow_forwardEfforts to produce an HIV vaccine have met with limited success. What aspects of the virus and its replicative strategy make it difficult to produce a vaccine against HIV? What other kind of virus might be similarly different to vaccinate against? What similarities and differences exist between the two types of virus that account for the differences in vaccine production?arrow_forwardWhich of the following is the most likely explanation for an individual who lacks CCR5 as a result of a homozygous defect in the CCR5 gene becoming infected with HIV? a. The mutated CCR5 genes reverted to the normal form, rendering macrophages susceptible to macrophagetropic HIV variants. b. The macrophage-tropic HIV variant entered host cells using CD4 alone. c. The viral nucleic acid alone was taken up by cells, as in cell transformation by bacterial DNA. d. The individual had received a transplant of HIV-infected cells expressing normal CCR5. e. The primary infection involved a lymphocyte-tropic strain of HIV that used CXCR4 as its co-receptor.arrow_forward
- What is the role of tRNAlys in the HIV replication cycle? thanksarrow_forwardWhat is one reason SARS-CoV-2 can remain undetected in a person? a.)it isn't able to replicate unless you are also sick with another type of virus b.)its genome produces proteins that prevent our immune system from noticing it c.)it causes your immune system to shut down d.)it is prevented from infecting a cell for one year after entering your bodyarrow_forwardThis is a hypothetical scenario. A recently emerged virus has been transmitting and mutating rapidly in humans throughout the world. If a vaccine that stops transmission of all current circulating variants of the virus in humans is utilized and herd immunity is achieved throughout the world, would this essentially stop 1) further transmission of the virus; 2) further mutation of the virus, respectively? Why/why not? Please answer the question succinctly and in bullet points!arrow_forward
- Which of the following is false when considering the CCR5Δ32 mutation? a) The mutation prevents the entry of HIV-1 into a T cell. b) The deletion that produced CCR5Δ32 caused a frameshift which extends the length of the protein product. c) CCR5Δ32 prevents infection by HIV-1 in homozygotes but only delays the onset of HIV symptoms in heterozygotes. d) The protein product produced by CCR5Δ32 is altered in such a manner that it cannot embed in the cell membrane.arrow_forwardWhat are some of the challenges of using recombinant molecules to treatment of HIV?arrow_forwardWhat are the limits to the parallelism between HIV and SARSCOV2?arrow_forward
- Considering that CMV infects 50% of the adult population in the United States and 100% of the population in many other countries, why is there so little Cytomegalovirus disease in the world?arrow_forwardWhy did AZT fail to control HIV-1 infections in the long term? AZT treatment selected for HIV-1 virions with reverse transcriptase variants that did not incorporate AZT, but this was not heritable so humans progressed to AIDS anyway HIV-1 evolved AZT resistance in one person and that resistant strain spread to other people AZT treatment had harsh side effects so patients could not stick to a treatment regimen AZT treatment selected for HIV-1 virions with reverse transcriptase variants that did not incorporate AZT, and since this was heritable the population of virions evolved resistance within the hostarrow_forwardTo date, there is no cure for HIV. Because of this, the will be present in an infected individual throughout their lifetime. This makes HIV a A.) latent disease. B.) zoonotic disease. C.) chronic disease. D.) nosocomial disease. E.) convalescent disease.arrow_forward
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