Evolutionary Analysis (5th Edition)
5th Edition
ISBN: 9780321616678
Author: Jon C. Herron, Scott Freeman
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 1, Problem 2Q
Summary Introduction
To determine: The trait of HIV that contributes to its rapid evolution.
Introduction: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is a life-threatening disorder that is caused by a retrovirus called human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This virus is chiefly transmitted from an infected person to a healthy person by direct contact of body fluids like blood, semen, and vaginal fluids.
Summary Introduction
To determine: The way by which a similar situation can explain the scenario of evolution of antibiotic resistance in a population of bacteria.
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Since early 2020 human societies around the world have suffered a viral pandemic and struggled to cope with Covid-19. Provide one example of a policy or response that has been effective and one example of a policy or response that has been ineffective. Propose a policy that should be implemented in the near future. ( should be based on your knowledge of evolutionary biology.)
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Chapter 1 Solutions
Evolutionary Analysis (5th Edition)
Ch. 1 - Prob. 1QCh. 1 - Prob. 2QCh. 1 - Prob. 3QCh. 1 - Given the risk of evolution of resistance, why do...Ch. 1 - Prob. 5QCh. 1 - Prob. 6QCh. 1 - In a monograph published in 1883, Alexander Graham...Ch. 1 - Design a study to test our prediction that human...Ch. 1 - Prob. 9QCh. 1 - Suppose that HIV were the ancestor of the SIVs,...
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- Which of the following statements concerning antigenic drift in influenza viruses is correct? A-It results in major antigenic changes B-It affects predominantly the matrix protein C-It is exhibited by only influenza A viruses D-It is due to frame shift mutations in viral genes E-It results in new sub types over timearrow_forwardGive typing answer with explanation and conclusion 1) A population of HIV viruses exposed to any single antiretroviral medication typically evolves resistance to this medication within a year or two. In contrast, populations of humans exposed to HIV for many years have not yet evolved significant resistance to HIV infection. Which of the following reasons may explain why evolution has been so much more rapid in HIV populations than in human populations? a) Humans have much longer generation times. b) Humans have reverse transcriptases that are less error prone. c) Human DNA polymerases are less error prone. d) Viruses need to mutate quickly to survive in their hosts. e) Humans have no ability to evolve resistance to HIV.arrow_forwardThe emergence of new cases of polio linked to the oral vaccine had been reported in a number of African and Asian countries, revealing that there are now more children being paralyzed by viruses originating in vaccines than in the wild. Viral contamination of a biological may arise from many factors, from handling to the origin of the materials used in the cell culture. a What could be the reason for the outbreak in those countries? D) The method of producing attenuated “live" vaccines involve passing the disease- tausing virus through a series of cell cultures or animal embryos (typically chick embryos). Explain the procedure in details and cite the reason why the method involve passing a virus through a non-human host?arrow_forward
- Efforts to produce an HIV vaccine have met with limited success. What aspects of the virus and its replicative strategy make it difficult to produce a vaccine against HIV? What other kind of virus might be similarly different to vaccinate against? What similarities and differences exist between the two types of virus that account for the differences in vaccine production?arrow_forwardMost phages that use DNA to propagate work by hijacking host bacterial machinery including RNA Polymerase. Scientists found that treatment of jumbo bacteriophage PhiKZ with Rifampicin did not stop the phage from propagating. What is allowing for the survival of this phage?arrow_forwardSuppose that a time machine allows you to go back in time (and to travel to Australia), and you have collected rabbits and Myxoma from the years 1955 and 1980. Once you are back in the twenty-first century, you infect both sets of rabbits with both sets of Myxoma viruses. The most likely result will be (1) that the rabbits from 1955 injected with the 1955 virus will have a survival rate than those same rabbits injected with the 1980 virus; and (2) that the rabbits from 1955 injected with the 1980 virus will have a survival rate than rabbits from 1980 injected with the 1980 virus.. A. lower; lower B. lower; higher C. higher; lower O D. higher; higher E. the survival rates will be the same in experiments (1) and (2)arrow_forward
- Assume you are studying the infection dynamics between a species of spider and a species of ringworm that infects the spider. You sequence the genomes of each species for 30 years and find that each of these species has evolved adaptations. Specifically, the spider has evolved immune system adaptations to remove the ringworm and the ringworm has evolved counter-adaptations to evade the spider's immune system. Surprisingly, you find that the ability of the ringworm to infect the spider has not changed over 30 years. The finding that infectiousness has not changed in 30 years would be in support of which of the following? a. The Red Queen Hypothesis b. Muller's Ratchet c. The Asexual Reproduction Benefit Hypothesis d. The Genetic Load Hypothesisarrow_forward3) Would mRNA vaccines be as effective against bacteria as they are against viruses? Why or why not? Questions related to SARS-CoV-2 Inhibitor Science Article (Zhang et al.) 1) What is the function of the viral main protease? 2) What is the amino acid recognition sequence that is cleave by this main protease? Indicate where this protease cuts? 3) Would interfering with this protease effect other proteases in human cells? 4) How closely related are the amino acid sequences between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV? What does this suggest about focusing research on inhibiting this enzyme?arrow_forwardSome older vaccines used a weakened strain of the pathogenic virus in the injection in the hope that the weakened virus would induce an immune response without causing disease. The virus vectors used in genetic engineering have all the harmful virus genes cut out and replaced with the foreign gene, such as one that makes a protein that is absent in the human patient. Which type of viral vaccine would you prefer to take as the safest option? Why? Some Covid 19 vaccines in development use the adenovirus, a common vector used in gene therapies, to inject the mRNa for the spike protein into human muscle cells. Why might vaccines using a virus vector be more likely to need only refrigeration and not deep-cold storage, given what you know about viruses?arrow_forward
- Suppose you transformed a plasmid vector carrying a human interferon gene into E. coli but none of the transformed bacteria produced interferon. Give as many plausible reasons as possible for this result.arrow_forwardDescribe an experiment in which you demonstrate that the pUL44 protein of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) localizes with phospho-H2AX (yH2AX). What reagent can be used to denote the cellular location of H2AX? Be sure to carefully describe your controls, as well as the expected results. What other technique can be used to validate the findings in this experiment? Explain.arrow_forwardIn 2006, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the use of bacteriophage preparation that can be used on ready-to-eat meat and poultry products to kill Listeria monocytogenes, a bacterium that causes listeriosis. Some people may have concerns about the use of phages in foods. From what you have learned about bacteriophages and viruses, why do you think we do not have to be concerned about the presence of bacteriophages in food?arrow_forward
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