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Can viruses adapt by natural selection?
A. No, because there isn't a genetic basis for inheritance between parent and offspring virus particles.
B. No, because there isn't a way to distinguish more fit from less fit virus particles
C. Yes but only via human (domestic/artificial) selection
D. No they evolve by mutations.
E. Yes, virus particles that are most successful successful in reproducing quickly and infecting other host cells are the best adapted.
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- Which of the following is a reason that scientists do not classify viruses as living things? A. They must infect a host because they cannot reproduce on their own. B. They contain DNA, like all living organisms. C. The experience evolution through natural selection. D. They replicate themselves and reproduceJenny works on a cow farm and has recently come down with a certain type of flu that has never been seen before. What's the likely mechanism that has brought about this particular novel virus? a. Antigenic drift b. Point mutation c. Avian recombination d. Hybridization e. Antigenic shiftEach year, hundreds of millions of people get sick from diseases like Zika, Dengue Fever, and Yellow Fever that are spread by mosquitoes. Some scientists are investigating the possibility of curbing these mosquito-borne diseases by genetically modifying the mosquitoes, such that they become less able to either reproduce or to carry the disease-causing microbes. Should genetically modified mosquitoes be released into the environment to combat these viruses?
- Antigenic drift refers to: A.The reassortment of genomic segments from different viruses B.Cytotoxic T cells identifying viral infected host cells C.The accumulation of mutations in the viral genome due to an error prone polymerase D.Antigen presenting cells failure to recognize the influenza virusWhy are vaccines and/or passive immunization the method of choice in the treatment or prevention of viral infections? A. There are no known inhibitors to reverse transcription B. Viruses are non-living and do not have their own genetic mechanisms to reproduce by themselves hence host cells must rely on targeting the virus or their products. C. Antibodies prevent replication of viral genome D. Antibodies prevent transcription and translation of viral genomes E. All of theseWhich of the following statements seemingly refute the fact that viruses are nonliving? A.They reproduce themselves only inside a host cell. B. They contain no enzymes. C. They can change over time, with the emergence of new strains. D. They cause diseases similar to those caused by bacteria. E. They are composed of protein and nucleic acid.
- Which nucleic-acid based technique will detect norovirus? A. Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH) probes B. PCR with primers specific for the genome of this virus C. Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (T-RFLP) D. reverse transcription PCR with specific primers A patient's blood sample tests positive for the antigen to Vibrio cholerae. Which of the following interpretations is correct? A. This person has cholera. B. This person was exposed to any species of Vibrio. C. This person was exposed to V. cholerae recently. D. This person had cholera at some point in their lifetime.Evaluate how each of the following results of scientific studies regarding mutations of the SARS-COV2 viral genome may implicate how humans can live with the virus for generations to come. Results Implication Scientific analysis of SARS-COV2 viral genomes from different countries has revealed that the virus accumulates about 2 new mutations per month. Many of these mutations have occurred due to their many battles with the immune systems of their human hosts. The vast majority of mutations have little or no effect on how the virus behaves, but scientists are keeping a watchful eye on mutations of the critical region of the viral genome: the gene encoding the spike protein. Mutations that give the virus an evolutionary advantage should be more likely to turn up repeatedly in the virus’ family tree.Choose the correct answer : Human Papillomaviruses are characterised by all of the following EXCEPT: A. A genome of double-stranded circular DNA encoding around eight open reading frame B. These viruses are small naked and icosahedral C. The most likely source of the HPV to humans is camels D. They replicate in dividing cells and encodes three oncogenic proteins E5, E6 and E7 E. HPV serotypes 14, 16, 18, 31, 45 are known to cause cervical cancer
- A scientists collects strains of a virus from three different years: 2020, 2021, and 2022. The virus is introduced into populations of lab rats, and the mortality rate is measured for each strain. The rat populations are genetically identical. Mortality caused by the infections is 50% in the case of the 2020 virus, 40% for the 2021 virus and 30% for the 2022 virus; these differences are statistically significant. What conclusion can you draw from this experiment? Virulence has evolved to lower levels. Virulence has evolved to higher levels. Rates have evolved greater resistance to the virus. None of these conclusions can be drawn from these data.Which of the following is a commonality between coxsackievirus A16 infection and a varicella zoster infection?Choose one: A. Both infections are caused by viruses in the herpes family. B. Each disease is usually mild and self-limiting in children but is more severe in adults. C. Both viruses can cause a spotted rash to appear on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. D. There is a vaccine available for both viruses.Why do scientists worry more about new strains of viruses like influenza and coronviruses as potential causes of deadly human pandemics, but they never talk about the next big Herpesvirus strain deadly pandemic? Which of the statements below helps partially answer that? We already have effective vaccines for Herpes. Influenza and CoV have more genes, more complex gene expression, and can undergo genetic recombination or reassortment, while Herpesviruses are more limited. Only humans get Herpesviruses, while animals can get Influenza viruses and Coronaviruses. dsDNA viruses aren't very transmissible and even when they are, they're not deadly. Influenza and CoV are RNA viruses which results in having higher mutation rates -- they can more easily jump between host species. Herpesviruses are dsDNA viruses and usually very host specific. O O O O