Biological Science (6th Edition)
6th Edition
ISBN: 9780321976499
Author: Scott Freeman, Kim Quillin, Lizabeth Allison, Michael Black, Emily Taylor, Greg Podgorski, Jeff Carmichael
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 22, Problem 11PIAT
How can natural selection on mouse color be measured?
Most mice living on the mainland of Florida are brown, but the mice that live on the sand dunes of the barrier islands have white fur (see Chapter 16). It is intuitive that the light color of beach-dwelling mice is an adaptation for blending into their environment–and thus evading predators. How can this hypothesis be tested?
Compare and contrast how evolution by inheritance of acquired characters and the theory of evolution by natural selection would explain the observation of white mice living on light soil and brown mice living on dark soil.
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In Africa we find albinism in around 1 in every 5,000 individuals. This is puzzling, because albinism may reduce survival, for instance due to increased risk of skin cancer. What evolutionary mechanism (natural selection, mutation, genetic drift, or gene flow) is a viable explanation for the consistent observation of a few children born with albinism each generation and why?
Explain how natural selection might be responsible for the PTC taster polymorphism.Why might some populations have a higher frequency of the taster allele than others?
Imagine that you travel around the world and find two populations of fish that look very similar, but one one population lives in a cold climate and is very cold-resistant (produces an antifreeze protein), while the other population lives in warm climate and is not cold-resistant (and does not produce the antifreeze protein). This is the kind of example that biologists try to explain, and think about whether it is due to phenotypic plasticity or selection. Let's think through this with a series of questions.
Which of the following are true about phenotypic plasticity?
answer choices
A-A change in the phenotype through phenotypic plasticity allows organisms to adapt to their current environment (for example, from not being cold-resistant to being cold-resistant)
B-The difference between the two phenotypes in question is based on an allelic difference between the two (for example, cold-resistant and not cold-resistant are based on two different alleles of the same gene)
C-…
Chapter 22 Solutions
Biological Science (6th Edition)
Ch. 22 - True or false? Some trails are considered...Ch. 22 - CAUTION Why does the presence of extinct forms and...Ch. 22 - 3. Trails that are derived from a common ancestor,...Ch. 22 - CAUTION How can evolutionary fitness be estimated?...Ch. 22 - 5. CAUTION According to data presented in this...Ch. 22 - Some biologists summarize evolution by natural...Ch. 22 - Prob. 7TYUCh. 22 - SOCIETY Explain why the overprescription of...Ch. 22 - 9. The average height of humans in industrialized...Ch. 22 - Prob. 10TYPSS
Ch. 22 - How can natural selection on mouse color be...Ch. 22 - 12. CAUTION What is an evolutionary adaptation?
a....Ch. 22 - Apply Darwin’s four postulates to a population of...Ch. 22 - 14. PROCESS OF SCIENCE A team lead by evolutionary...Ch. 22 - Prob. 15PIATCh. 22 - 16. PROCESS OF SCIENCE When a statistical test was...
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- Why might some light-skinned populations, such as the Japanese, be missing the F374 allele for lighter skin pigmentation? (Hint: Consider the various forces of evolution that may be at play.)arrow_forwardResults of a study on local adaptation of color patterns in snakes show the frequency of different color patterns of water snakes of Lake Erie (Nerodia sipedon) found on the mainland shores and scattered islands within the lake. Type A snakes are unbanded, Type D is strongly banded, and Types B and C are intermediates. Given that natural selection favors unbanded snakes on the islands, how can you account for the presence/perpetuation of banded snakes on the islands? 100 Percentage 80 N=63 60 40 20 0 ABCD Ontario mainland N=64 A B C D Peninsular mainland N=16 ABCD Kelleys Island N= 214 A B C D Bass complex islands N=188 L ABCD Middle and Pelee islands O Natural selection favors unbanded snakes on the mainland. O Snakes on the islands represent a case of the so-called founder effect. O Natural selection favors banded snakes on the mainland, which occasionally migrate to the islands. O Mutation rates converting unbanded alleles to a banded form operate at high frequencies on islands.arrow_forwardGreen dragons are known by Knights of the Realm to be cleverer and thus more dangerous than both red and brown dragons. Molecular evolutionary alchemists working for the king have determined that a gene called FIZBAN has an average dN/dS (nonsynonymous rate/synonymous rate) ratio of 1.06 in green dragons, compared to 0.66 and 0.44 in red and brown dragons, respectively. What type of selection is this gene under in each dragon species? What type of trait might this gene contribute to? Give an evolutionary history of this gene in green dragons, including principles of population genetics in your answer.arrow_forward
- Artificial selection is when people selectively choose individuals with a certain desired trait to use as parents of the next generation. It is done to domesticated (or semi-domesticated) organisms. It has produced such monstrosities as bubble-eyed goldfish, revealing the potential for selection acting on heritable variation to produce varieties appearing very different than their ancestors. How is that different from natural selection? (Select all that apply) A- In artificial selection, humans directly cause new mutations to occur, whereas natural selection relies on mutations that occur randomly over time. B- Artificial selection can lead to organisms that would be unfit to survive in the wild, whereas natural selection usually makes the population better adapted. C- Artificial selection is directed ahead of time towards an intentional goal; not so with natural selection. D- Really, they are exactly the same process. Both cause what seems to be design without a designer. E-…arrow_forwardYou are examining a population of snakes in which 20% of the individuals exhibit the recessive phenotype for albinism. If albinism is exhibited only by the genotype aa, how many snakes out of a population of 100 would you expect to CARRY the albinism allele (so be Aa), but be normal color?arrow_forwardAn island of the Galápagos archipelago is home to a medium ground finch that subsists mainly by eating seeds. A severe drought struck the island. During the drought, plants produced fewer seeds, and the finches soon depleted the stock of small and soft seeds, leaving only large and hard seeds that were difficult to process. In this environment, finches with deeper beaks were more likely to survive and pass their advantageous traits to their offspring by means of the principle called the 'inheritance of acquired characteristics'. Question 11 options: A) True B) Falsearrow_forward
- About 70% of Americans perceive a bitter taste from the chemical phenylthiocarbamide (PTC). The ability to taste this chemical results from a dominant allele (T) and not being able to taste PTC is the result of having two recessive alleles (t). Albinism is also a single locus trait with normal pigment being dominant (A) and the lack of pigment being recessive (a). A normally pigmented woman who cannot taste PTC has a father who is an albino taster. She marries a homozygous, normally pigmented man who is a taster but who has a mother that does not taste PTC. a. What is the genotype of the woman? [ Select ] b. What is the genotype of the man? [ Select ] > >arrow_forwardDiscuss factors that lead to genetic variations in a population by using the Hardy-Weinberg Law that describes allele frequencies in a population. Explain how animal behaviors, including human behaviors, are governed by genetic inheritance. Explain how the laboratory mouse has become a valuable model organism for the study of development and genetics. What other animal models are used? What contribution(s) has research using Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster made in the study of animal behavior and population genetics? Elaborate on the future of human disease diagnosis using the data from the Human Genome Project. Elaborate on the future of pharmacogenomics and individualized medicine to human disease diagnosis using the data from the Human Genome Project, includes an example Provide sufficient examples to make the speech relevant to high school students.arrow_forwardHow does the concept of artificial selection is applied in the creation and domestication of chihuahuas out of wolves? Explain in an explicit way.arrow_forward
- Most sheep have the ability to grow coats of wool that vary in their thickness depending on the ambient temperatures that they experience. This is an aspect of phenotypic plasticity, variability in the phenotype that can be triggered by the experiences of the organism. When referring to a sheep that has grown more wool in a cold climate than its parents living in a warm one, what term best describes this? (NOTE: look back at chapter 25, if you are having trouble remembering) O Adaptation Intersexual selection Intrasexual selection Acclimitization Gene Fixationarrow_forwardWhen we take, say, 100 individuals of a species of beetle from the wild and place them in a new environment that is not so different that they are unable to thrive but different enough so that they are experiencing a new selective regime, say, a lower temperature, what typically happens? A - Sexual selection causes some larvae to be able to survive in the cooler temperatures and other individuals to be unable to survive because they need warmer temperatures. B - We are unable to measure phenotypic selection, presumably because we do not have much variation among individuals for how they handle temperature. C - The founder event assures us that the new population will be strictly representative of the source population (especially if we took all the 100 from the same location rather that from throughout the range of the species). D - The population evolves to be tolerant of the lower temperature; it can do this because of latent variation already in the 100 founding individuals. E -…arrow_forwardIn birds of paradise that populate tropical rainforest ecosystems, bright colored beaks and feathers are commonly found. These phenotypes continue to persist, even though brightly colored birds are more easily seen by predators. Which of the following would best describe the reason behind the persistence of these phenotypes in birds of paradise?arrow_forward
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