Modern Physics for Scientists and Engineers
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781133103721
Author: Stephen T. Thornton, Andrew Rex
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 3, Problem 66P
To determine
The time for which the sun last if it releases the energy at
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A typical chemical reaction such as an explosive combustion releases about 5 MJ of energy per kg fuel used. At the sun’s current rate of energy production, how much time would the sun last at that rate? Compare your answer with the sun’s estimated lifetime of 10 billion years.
Let's examine how we know that the Sun cannot power itself by chemical reactions. Using the fact that an average chemical reaction between two atoms releases 1.6×10-19 J of energy, estimate how long the Sun could emit energy at its current luminosity. Compare that estimate to the known age of Earth.
Given the Sun's present rate of energy generation (i.e. its present luminosity), how long will the Sun's energy source last (from beginning to end)? Answer in years.
Chapter 3 Solutions
Modern Physics for Scientists and Engineers
Ch. 3 - Prob. 1QCh. 3 - Prob. 2QCh. 3 - Prob. 3QCh. 3 - Prob. 4QCh. 3 - Prob. 5QCh. 3 - Prob. 6QCh. 3 - Prob. 7QCh. 3 - Prob. 8QCh. 3 - Prob. 9QCh. 3 - In the experiment of Example 3.2, how could you...
Ch. 3 - Prob. 11QCh. 3 - Prob. 12QCh. 3 - Prob. 13QCh. 3 - Prob. 14QCh. 3 - Prob. 15QCh. 3 - Prob. 16QCh. 3 - Prob. 17QCh. 3 - Prob. 18QCh. 3 - Prob. 19QCh. 3 - Prob. 20QCh. 3 - Prob. 21QCh. 3 - Prob. 22QCh. 3 - Prob. 23QCh. 3 - Prob. 24QCh. 3 - Prob. 25QCh. 3 - Prob. 26QCh. 3 - Prob. 1PCh. 3 - Prob. 2PCh. 3 - Across what potential difference does an electron...Ch. 3 - Prob. 4PCh. 3 - Prob. 5PCh. 3 - Prob. 6PCh. 3 - Prob. 7PCh. 3 - Prob. 8PCh. 3 - Prob. 9PCh. 3 - Prob. 10PCh. 3 - Prob. 11PCh. 3 - Prob. 12PCh. 3 - Prob. 13PCh. 3 - Prob. 14PCh. 3 - Prob. 15PCh. 3 - Prob. 16PCh. 3 - Calculate max for blackbody radiation for (a)...Ch. 3 - Prob. 18PCh. 3 - Prob. 19PCh. 3 - Prob. 20PCh. 3 - White dwarf stars have been observed with a...Ch. 3 - Prob. 22PCh. 3 - Prob. 23PCh. 3 - Prob. 24PCh. 3 - Prob. 25PCh. 3 - Prob. 26PCh. 3 - Prob. 27PCh. 3 - Prob. 32PCh. 3 - Prob. 33PCh. 3 - Prob. 34PCh. 3 - Prob. 35PCh. 3 - Prob. 36PCh. 3 - Prob. 37PCh. 3 - Prob. 38PCh. 3 - Prob. 39PCh. 3 - Prob. 40PCh. 3 - Prob. 41PCh. 3 - Prob. 42PCh. 3 - Prob. 43PCh. 3 - Prob. 44PCh. 3 - Prob. 45PCh. 3 - Prob. 46PCh. 3 - Prob. 47PCh. 3 - Prob. 48PCh. 3 - Prob. 49PCh. 3 - Prob. 50PCh. 3 - Prob. 52PCh. 3 - Prob. 53PCh. 3 - Prob. 54PCh. 3 - Prob. 55PCh. 3 - Prob. 56PCh. 3 - Prob. 57PCh. 3 - Prob. 58PCh. 3 - Prob. 59PCh. 3 - Prob. 60PCh. 3 - Prob. 61PCh. 3 - Prob. 62PCh. 3 - Prob. 63PCh. 3 - Prob. 64PCh. 3 - Prob. 65PCh. 3 - Prob. 66PCh. 3 - Prob. 67PCh. 3 - Prob. 68PCh. 3 - The Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, launched in...Ch. 3 - Prob. 70P
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- The surface temperature of the Sun is about 6000K. For this question, assume it is exactly 6000K. Now suppose that the surface temperature of the Sun was 12,000 K, rather than 6,000 K. a) How much more thermal radiation would the Sun emit, compared to its current output? Answer as a whole number, which is the ratio of the new to the old output.arrow_forwardAssume that Hydrogen comprises 79% of the Sun's mass. How much mass is this? 1.57e+30 kg Only about 11% of the initial Hydrogen in the Sun is in the core where it is hot enough to burn. What was the total mass of the inital H in the core of the Sun? Hint: Use the answer above and the percent in the core to determine the total mass. Using the results from above, how much total energy is available to the Sun via nuclear fusion over its lifetime? (HINT: only 0.71% of the total mass of the available H in the core is converted into energy) Hint: E = m c^2arrow_forwardAccording to the Stefan-Boltzmann law, how much energy is radiated into space per unit time by each square meter of the Sun's surface? If the Sun's radius is 696,000 km, what is the total power output of the Sun?arrow_forward
- From which atmospheric layer of the Sun did the photons originate that resulted in sunburn? How do you know?arrow_forwardUsing the results from above (1.29^29 kg), how much total energy is available to the Sun via nuclear fusion over its lifetime? (HINT: only 0.71% of the total mass of the available H in the core is converted into energy)arrow_forwardIf the radius of the sun is 7.001×105 km, what is the average density of the sun in units of grams per cubic centimeter? The volume of a sphere is (4/3)π r3. The sun is a sphere with an estimated mass of 2.00×1030 kg. What exactly is the conversion process for this?arrow_forward
- The Sun’s luminosity (or power) is 4 x 1026 Watts (=J/s). How many kilograms of hydrogen must be fused every second to maintain this luminosity? (hint: work backwards from the energy per second to the mass released to the amount of hydrogen required, using the results from the previous question.) The Sun’s mass is ~2x1030 kg. If 10% of this is Hydrogen available in the core, how long will the Sun be able to continue fusing hydrogen at this rate? This is considered the Sun's "lifetime". If the Sun is 4.6 billion years old (and assuming it's power output is constant), how many years does it have left?arrow_forwardThe Sun is currently about 4.4 billion years old. How much longer does it have before it runs out of Hydrogen? Answer in billions of years.arrow_forwardAssume that the core of the Sun has one-eighth of the Sun’s mass and is compressed within a sphere whose radius is one-fourth of the solar radius.Assume further that the composition of the core is 35% hydrogen by mass and that essentially all the Sun’s energy is generated there. If the Sun continues to burn hydrogen at the current rate of 6.2 *1011 kg/s, how long will it be before the hydrogen is entirely consumed? The Sun’s mass is 2.0 * 1030 kg.arrow_forward
- What do measurements of the number of neutrinos emitted by the Sun tell us about conditions deep in the solar interior?arrow_forwardEvery second, the Sun converts 4 million tons of matter to energy. How long will it take the Sun to reduce its mass by 1% (the mass of the Sun is 21030 kg)? Compare your answer with the lifetime of the Sun so far.arrow_forward
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