Our Origins: Discovering Physical Anthropology (Fourth Edition)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9780393614008
Author: Clark Spencer Larsen
Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company
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Chapter 3, Problem 5ER
Summary Introduction
To explain: Difference between epigenetic phenomena and Lamarckism inheritance of acquired characteristics.
Introduction: Mendelian traits state that the traits are passed down to offspring will have dominant and recessive alleles of genes. Alleles have different set of a gene carring genetic information of a particular trait.
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https://ny.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/biot09.sci.life.gen.epigenetics/epigenetics/
Explain how two genetically identical twins are not really identical.
If you were to design an epigenetic experiment, how would you design one? Keep in mind a good experiment should have a strong, testable hypothesis, an overall goal, and expected results.
What did agouti mice elucidate about how epigenetics are functioning?
How does the structure of DNA change how genes are expressed? What are the different epigenetic modifications and what do they do?
Please explain how the deletion of the same set of genes can result in such different diseases. The example for this question being Prader-willi syndrom and Angelman syndrome. In your answer, be sure to discuss the role of genetic imprinting and epigenetics.
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Our Origins: Discovering Physical Anthropology (Fourth Edition)
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- https://ny.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/biot09.sci.life.gen.epigenetics/epigenetics/ Explain DNA methylation. How does this process influence cellular function?arrow_forwardhttps://ny.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/biot09.sci.life.gen.epigenetics/epigenetics/ In what way do the brown and yellow mice shown in the video differ?Why is this so?arrow_forwardStudies on monkeys have provided insight on the role of maternal care on the epigenome. Imagine you have 3 groups of monkeys. Group A: Monkeys raised by their biological mother. Group B: Monkeys raised by other monkeys that are not their biological mother. Group C: Monkeys raised by a human surrogate nurse. You then study the behavioural and epigenetic patterns of these monkeys. Which of the findings would be plausible from this study? A. Monkeys from group A will most likely become alcoholics. B. Monkeys from group B will be equally anxious compared to group C since neither were raised by their biological mother. C. Monkeys from group C will have a significantly different epigenomic pattern compared to group A. D. Groups A, B and C will have similar epigenomic patterns.arrow_forward
- Epigenetics has been described as “inheritance, but not as we know it.” Do you think this is a good definition? Why or why not?arrow_forwardWhich of the following is a correct statement about epigenetics? Group of answer choices Increased methylation of histones = decreased gene expression Decreased acetylation of histones = increased gene expression Adenine nucleotides are often directly methylated in vertebrate genomes Guanine nucleotides are often directly acetylated in vertebrate genomesarrow_forwardHow do dietary factors interact with DNA methyltransferase to affect an organism's phenotype in an epigenetic manner? Some dietary factors degrade DNA methyltransferase, preventing it from removing methyl groups from sections of DNA, thereby altering gene expression Some dietary factors interact with methyl groups directly preventing DNA methyltransferase from methylating any DNA, changing gene expression in the organism as a result Some dietary factors inhibit DNA methyltransferaseactivity, reducing the methylation of the organism's DNA and changing its gene expression Some dietary factors bind toDNA methyltransferaseand enable it to methylateDNA, thereby changing geneexpression Some dietary factors upregulate DNA methyltransferase activity, increasing the overall methylationof the organism's DNA and changing its gene expressionarrow_forward
- Often, the physical characteristics of genetically identical twins become increasingly different as they age, even at the molecular level. Explain why this is so from the point of view of epigenetics.arrow_forwardstion 20 of 20 CO Epigenetics is the study of heritable traits that are not induced by changes to DNA sequence. Epigenetic changes can be inherited during somatic cell division to regulate the daughter cells of an individual organism. Most epigenetic modifications are reset prior to meiosis. However, some epigenetic changes can be inherited across generations. For example, environmental factors such as nutrition and chemical exposure can induce heritable epigenetic changes in animal models (Relton and Davey Smith, 2012). Genome imprinting is one type of epigenetic modification in which a cell or organism can reduce the expression of a gene and thereby silence the gene. Genome imprinting is caused by DNA methylation and histone modification, which reduce expression of a gene. The silencing occurs in a parent-of-origin-specific manner, where either the maternally derived allele or the paternally derived allele is imprinted and silenced. Expression occurs only through the nonimprinted…arrow_forwardhttp://www.letsgethealthy.org/students/games/epigenetics-game/ (Links to an external site.) For the assignment this week I want you to play this epigenetic game that will show you how your choices (which will be the equivalent of of external factors in someone life) make your genes act differently. Last week, we learned about biology and race and how these fit together in the formation of biological determinants and social misconceptions. For this week's discussion, play the game. Discuss with your classmates what happened, and what you have learned about epigenetics and how this changes your understanding of genetics . How do epigenetic changes and epigenetic mechanisms in general influence health, our concepts of race, and inequality?arrow_forward
- A researcher studying epigenetic changes induced by exercise had participants pedal a stationary bicycle with only one leg for 45 minutes a day, 4 times a week for 3 months. They then took muscle biopsies from both legs (the one that exercised and the one that did not) and compared DNA to look for epigenetic changes induced by exercise. They found over 5,000 sites on the genome where methylation patterns differed between the DNA isolated from the exercised leg and DNA isolated from the non-exercised leg. A. How would you predict these changes would affect transcription and translation? Is there other information you need to know to feel confident in your prediction? B. Would these changes be passed down to the participants' offspring? Why or why not? C. Why did all participants exercise only one leg rather than having two groups- one who exercised and one who did not?arrow_forwardAlthough each cell in your body contains the same set of genes, the genes that are “turned on” differ depending on the type of cell. What signals different genes to be “turned on” or transcribed in different cells? What types of behaviours or environmental circumstances can lead to changes in an individual’s epigenome? Explain. 3. Explain how changes in your epigenome can alter the DNA of your future children before they are even born. 4.) Explain TWO implications of these findings for society. (Hint: think big! Implications for how disease is transmitted, intergenerational trauma, the cycle of poverty, etc.)arrow_forwardHow does the presence of epigenetic modifications affect the accuracy and reliability of genetic analysis techniques such as DNA sequencing and PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)?arrow_forward
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