Biological Science
5th Edition
ISBN: 9780321743671
Author: Scott Freeman
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 26, Problem 13TYPSS
QUANTITATIVE In humans, albinism is caused by loss-of-function mutations in genes involved in the synthesis of melanin, the dark pigment in skin. Only people homozygous for a loss-of-function allele (genotype aa) have the albino
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Chapter 26 Solutions
Biological Science
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- One particularly useful feature of the Hardy-Weinberg equation is that it allows us to estimate the frequency of heterozygotes for recessive genetic diseases, assuming that Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium exists. As an example, let’s consider cystic fibrosis, which is a human genetic disease involving a gene that encodes a chloride transporter. Persons with this disorder have an irregularity in salt and water balance. One of the symptoms is thick mucus in the lungs that can contribute to repeated lung infections. In populations of Northern European descent, the frequency of affected individuals is approximately 1 in 2500. Because this is a recessive disorder, affected individuals are homozygotes. Assuming that the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is the frequency of individuals who are heterozygous carriers?arrow_forwardIf the frequency of those exhibiting a monogenic autosomal recessive phenotype caused by only one known mutation is 1/18900 in a given population, what is the carrier frequency?arrow_forwardA worldwide survey of genetic variation in human populations reported the autosomal codominant MN blood group types in a sample of 1029 Chinese individuals from Hong Kong. The sample contained 342 people with blood type M, 500 with blood type MN, and 187 with blood type N. Part A The number of people expected in each blood-type category is: Enter the values expected for MM, MN and NN blood-type categories, respectively, separated by commas and using two decimal places (example 1.02, 2.30, 3.45).arrow_forward
- If the frequency of those homozygous for a specific mutation that causes an autosomal monogenic recessive condition in a given population of 2 million individuals is 1/18900, how many individuals are likely to be carriers of the causative mutation? Please give your answer as a whole number.arrow_forwardUsing the HardyWeinberg Law in Human Genetics Suppose you are monitoring the allelic and genotypic frequencies of the MN blood group locus (see Question 2 for a description of the MN blood group) in a small human population. You find that for 1-year-old children, the genotypic frequencies are MM = 0.25, MN = 0.5, and NN = 0.25, whereas the genotypic frequencies for adults are MM = 0.3, MN = 0.4, and NN = 0.3. a. Compute the M and N allele frequencies for 1-year-olds and adults. b. Are the allele frequencies in equilibrium in this population? c. Are the genotypic frequencies in equilibrium?arrow_forwardA certain form of congenital glaucoma is caused by an autosomalrecessive allele. Assume that the mutation rate is 10-5 and that peoplewith this condition produce, on the average, only about 80% of theoffspring produced by people who do not have glaucoma.a. At equilibrium between mutation and selection, what will the frequencyof the gene for congenital glaucoma be?b. What will the frequency of the disease be in a randomly matingpopulation that is at equilibrium?arrow_forward
- Give nine examples of lethal alleles in humans, other animals, and plants and a brief molecular explanation (i.e., why are they lethal).arrow_forwardIf the frequency of those exhibiting a monogenic autosomal recessive phenotype caused by only one known mutation is 1/18900 in a given population, what is the frequency of the wild type allele?arrow_forwardIdentify each of the following as an example of allele, genotype, and/or phenotype frequency: A. Approximately 1 in 2500 people of Northern European descent is born with cystic fibrosis. B. The percentage of carriers of the sickle cell allele in West Africa is approximately 13%. C. The number of new mutations for achondroplasia, a genetic disorder, is approximately 5 × 10–5.arrow_forward
- Discuss the role of mutation in the origin of genetic polymorphisms. Suppose that a genetic polymorphism involves two alleles at frequencies of 0.45 and 0.55. Describe three different scenarios to explain these observed allele frequencies. You can propose that the mutations that produced the polymorphism are neutral, beneficial, or deleterious.arrow_forwardSelect all examples of mutations that are likely to be dominant to wild-type alleles. Select all examples of mutations that are likely to be dominant to wild-type alleles. Check All That Apply An amorphic allele of Gene B when Gene B is haploinsufficient. A hypomorphic allele of Gene A that reduces its function by 75%, when one wild-type allele of Gene A is sufficient for a wild-type phenotype. A hypermorphic allele of Gene C that encodes a constitutively active protein. An antimorphic allele of Gene D that encodes a protein that forms homodimers. A neomorphic allele of Gene Ethat results in expression of a transcription factor in the wrong cell types.arrow_forwardWhich of these is not true of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)? are single base-pair variations in the genomes of the human population are genetic markers used to study the genetic basis for disease vary from 1-3 bases in length are the most common type of genetic variancearrow_forward
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