Unit 2- Development from Conception to Age 16 Years

Describe the expected pattern of children and young people’s development from birth to 19 years, to include:

E2: Describe how each of the types of settings identified in E1 aims to support children and their families.

All children and young people develop at different rates, but the order which they advance in differs very little. Children’s development tends to progress from head to toe, inner to outer, from simple to complex and from general to specific.

Learning Outcome: Understand the expected pattern of development for children and young people from birth - 19 years.

1.1 Describe the expected pattern of children and young peoples development from birth to 19 years to include:-

According to the approach from ‘Albert Bandura 1992’ the learning experiences acquired as an individual when growing up will determine their personality. Looking upon behaviour, if it is reinforced it will be produced more often and behaviour that is punished will occur less often. For example, a child who is punished for behaving unnecessarily is positively reinforced for being polite instead, therefore the aggressive behaviour will gradually stop as the positive behaviour increases. The views of Bandura suggest individuals develop a sense of self by imitating others, as well as direct reinforcement or punishment. Albert Bandura took into consideration that behaviour is learnt through observation. His evidence in his study on children, which was pursued to see if they would copy modelled behaviour. It was believed that if a person copies someone’s actions of who they perceive as a role model and see the outcome as positive or negative, they will imitate that person’s specific behaviour. (Bilingham,

According to Teitelbaum, most infants learn to turn over around three months of age. They accomplish this task by rotating their body in a corkscrew fashion. The pelvis moves first, followed by the trunk and finally the shoulders and head. This order is reversed around 6 months, when the roll is initiated with the turning of the head.

Albert Bandura is one of the most well-known figures of Psychology. Bandura provided theories that gave insight on the fundamentals of human behavior and the mental process (Ortiz, 2015). He has had and continues to have a large impact on personality theory and therapy. Bandura is recognized for his unique behaviorist-like style that appeals to many individuals and practitioners. Other theorists respect Bandura for his action orientated and problem solving characteristics that led him to his contributes of social cognitive theory and the bobo doll experiment. Albert Bandura continues to be identified to be a part of the most influential psychologists of all time and is responsible to the education of many practitioners today.

Born in Alberta, Canada, Albert Bandura grew up in the small town of Mundare. As the youngest of six children, Bandura parents instilled in him the importance of education. He attended a school with limited resources; he saw this as an advantage. Impelled to rely own his own inquisitiveness, Bandura begin to form his own concepts. While studying psychology at the University of British Columbia, Bandura finished his BA in three years. He furthered his education at the University of Iowa where he earned his MA and PhD (Good Therapy, 2007). Contributing work to psychology, Bandura began his research endeavors by focusing on how human behaviors, thoughts, learning was influenced by others. After several studies, Bandura developed many of the principles of Social Learning Theory, which is now incorporate in classroom lessons.

Parenting styles and learned experiences can be linked to a persons behavior. An example is a that a child might learn through reinforcement and observation to say “thank you” and “please”. On the other hand, a child may develop aggressive tendencies when he/she is exposed to violence by observing the behavior of older, aggressive children. One example of that is an experiment conducted by the psychologist Albert Bandura in regards of his social learning theory. According to his theory, people learn by observing and imitating the behavior of other people. In the “Bobo doll experiment”, Bandura showed that children can learn aggressive behaviors simply by observing and repeating the actions of an aggressive person (Lansford). This experiment shows us that the personality of a person can be in fact determined by the surrounding

Albert Bandura is a psychologist who states that behavior is learned from the environment through the process of observational learning. He believes that humans are “active information processors” and connects their behavior and consequences. He didn 't believe that direct reinforcement could lead to any type of learning. Instead, his theory stated that learning occurs simply by observing the actions of others. Children observe any influential models such as parents, teachers, siblings and peers around them. which connects to his theory about how a child is more likely to imitate those people it perceives as similar to itself like those of the same sex.

Jourden. Albert Bandura is a very credible author who is credited as one of the most influential contributors to the social learning theory. He emphasized imitation and observation as being the basis of much learning. More importantly, his work emphasizes cognition and attention as being quite important because a child’s ability to listen, remember and grasp rules from multifaceted observed behaviors then affects their ability to imitate and ultimately learn (Berk, 2012). He served as President of the APA in 1974 and in 1980 he received the APA’s Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions (Cherry, 2016). In 2004, Bandura attained the spot in Outstanding Lifetime Contribution to Psychology by the American Psychological Association (Cherry, 2016). Bandura’s work is still contributing to the field of

Development all starts the moment of conception. According to the information provided by Modern mom, By the time you are three weeks pregnant, the developing embryo has formed a neural groove, which is the foundation for the brain structure. By the time your baby is born, their brain will have over 100 billion neurons. By birth, only the lower portions of the nervous system (the spinal cord and brain stem) are well developed, whereas the higher regions (the limbic system and cerebral cortex) are still rather primeval. The lower brain is in control of the newborn 's behavior, such as the kicking, crying, and grasping. These behaviors are the functions of the brainstem and spinal cord. This includes the visual behavior- their ability to track a moving object. Cite Info

The assigned readings show that Bandura's original social learning theory was expanded on by other researchers like Akers. Akers suggested that the "frequency, duration, intensity, and priority of the different associations individuals have with others" also has a strong bearing on whether the individual learns to change his or her behavior (Cochran, 2011, p. 795). In other words, a child is more influenced by his or her parents because that child sees the parent often if not always (frequency and

Albert Bandura is on of the most prominent psychologists and has lots of influence in psychology. Bandura rose to popularity during time that was dominated by behaviorism. He argued that not all learning is a function of reinforcement. Child does not require a reward to produce learning, a child can learn in other ways. Bandura was largely responsible for the advent cognitive revolution in psychology. His theory Social cognitive is learning theory. Where he says that we learn from what we have observed in behavior that has reinforcement. Theory adds cognitive factors such as social experiences beliefs, self perception, and expectations to social learning theory. “Individuals that are observed are called models”. What this means is we learn from what we observe. For instance, media and television influence so much because we get influence from the character we like and we imitate them, so we can be like them. I think Bandura's early life does influence in his theory because when he was kids he grew up in a poor neighborhood, and the school he attend didn't had enough supplies to educate the kids, so they kind of have to learn their own by observing. Another big thing I think for sure influence in his theory is that his father taught himself to read three language.He also believe that you learn from others experiences, so we can say that he learning by observe idea came from his dad’s experience.