Modern Physics
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9780805303087
Author: Randy Harris
Publisher: Addison Wesley
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Chapter 5, Problem 51E
To determine
The temperature at which diatomic nitrogen vibrates.
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Air is 21% oxygen. You measure the total translational kinetic energy of the molecules of oxygen in a container to be 75J at room temperature, what is the total vibrational energy of these molecules were they at a higher temperature?
Assuming that the vibrations of a 14N2 molecule are equivalent to those of a harmonic oscillator with a force constant kf = 2293.8 N m−1, what is the zero-point energy of vibration of this molecule? Use m(14N) = 14.0031 mu.
In class, we said that if the surface temperature oscillates as T(t, z = 0) = To sinwt, the
temperature at a depth z will be
(-V
Tt, 2) — То еxр
z) sin ( wt
2к
• Z
V 2K
The negative sign in the exponential term tells us that the amplitude of the temperature
variation decreases with depth. One way to assess how deep we have to get before the
temperature variation is "small" is to find where the maximum value reached is To/e,
or To exp(-1). This occurs where (Vä:2) = 1. (The angular frequency w = 2nf.)
2к
10-6 m²s-1.
For Earth rocks, we can take the thermal diffusivity K =
At what depth is the temperature variation “small" (To/e) for
(a) a diurnal variation in surface temperature (f = 1/day= 1/86400 s)?
(b) a seasonal variation (f = 1/year)?
(c) a Milankovitch forcing of 100,000 years (f = 1/100,000 yr)?
Chapter 5 Solutions
Modern Physics
Ch. 5 - Prob. 1CQCh. 5 - Prob. 2CQCh. 5 - Prob. 3CQCh. 5 - Prob. 4CQCh. 5 - Prob. 5CQCh. 5 - Prob. 6CQCh. 5 - Prob. 7CQCh. 5 - Prob. 8CQCh. 5 - Prob. 9CQCh. 5 - Prob. 10CQ
Ch. 5 - Prob. 11CQCh. 5 - Prob. 12CQCh. 5 - Prob. 13CQCh. 5 - Prob. 14CQCh. 5 - Prob. 15CQCh. 5 - Prob. 16CQCh. 5 - Prob. 17CQCh. 5 - Prob. 18CQCh. 5 - Prob. 19ECh. 5 - Prob. 20ECh. 5 - Prob. 21ECh. 5 - Prob. 22ECh. 5 - Prob. 23ECh. 5 - Prob. 24ECh. 5 - Prob. 25ECh. 5 - Prob. 26ECh. 5 - Prob. 27ECh. 5 - Prob. 28ECh. 5 - Prob. 29ECh. 5 - Prob. 30ECh. 5 - Prob. 31ECh. 5 - Prob. 32ECh. 5 - Prob. 33ECh. 5 - Prob. 34ECh. 5 - Prob. 35ECh. 5 - Prob. 36ECh. 5 - Prob. 37ECh. 5 - Prob. 38ECh. 5 - Prob. 39ECh. 5 - Prob. 40ECh. 5 - Prob. 41ECh. 5 - Prob. 42ECh. 5 - Obtain expression (5-23) from equation (5-22)....Ch. 5 - Prob. 44ECh. 5 - Prob. 45ECh. 5 - Prob. 46ECh. 5 - Prob. 47ECh. 5 - Prob. 48ECh. 5 - Prob. 49ECh. 5 - Prob. 50ECh. 5 - Prob. 51ECh. 5 - Prob. 52ECh. 5 - Prob. 53ECh. 5 - Prob. 54ECh. 5 - Prob. 55ECh. 5 - Prob. 56ECh. 5 - Prob. 57ECh. 5 - Prob. 58ECh. 5 - Prob. 59ECh. 5 - Prob. 60ECh. 5 - Prob. 61ECh. 5 - Prob. 62ECh. 5 - Prob. 63ECh. 5 - Prob. 64ECh. 5 - Prob. 65ECh. 5 - Prob. 66ECh. 5 - Prob. 67ECh. 5 - Prob. 68ECh. 5 - Prob. 69ECh. 5 - Prob. 70ECh. 5 - Prob. 71ECh. 5 - In a study of heat transfer, we find that for a...Ch. 5 - Prob. 73CECh. 5 - Prob. 74CECh. 5 - Prob. 75CECh. 5 - Prob. 76CECh. 5 - Prob. 77CECh. 5 - Prob. 78CECh. 5 - Prob. 79CECh. 5 - Prob. 80CECh. 5 - Prob. 81CECh. 5 - Prob. 82CECh. 5 - Prob. 83CECh. 5 - Prob. 84CECh. 5 - Prob. 85CECh. 5 - Prob. 86CECh. 5 - Prob. 87CECh. 5 - Prob. 88CECh. 5 - Consider the differential equation...Ch. 5 - Prob. 90CECh. 5 - Prob. 91CECh. 5 - Prob. 92CECh. 5 - Prob. 93CECh. 5 - Prob. 94CECh. 5 - Prob. 95CECh. 5 - Prob. 96CECh. 5 - Prob. 97CECh. 5 - Prob. 98CE
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- The effective spring constant describing the potential energy of the HBr molecule is 410 N/m and that for the NO molecule is 1530 N/m. (a) Calculate the minimum amplitude of vibration for the HBr molecule. (b) Calculate the minimum amplitude of vibration for the NO molecule.arrow_forwardAtoms vibrate relative to one another in molecules with the bond acting as a spring. Consider the H – CI bond, where the heavy Cl atom forms a stationary anchor for the very light H atom. That is, only the H atom moves, vibrating as a simple harmonic oscillator. (a) Give the equation that describes the allowed vibrational energy levels of the bond. (b) The force constant kf for the H – Cl bond is 516.3 N m'1. Given the mass of H equal to 1.7 x 1027 kg, determine the difference in energy (separation) between adjacent energy levels. (c) Calculate the zero-point energy of this molecular oscillator.arrow_forwardThe air is a gas mixture of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and Nitrogen. If the air can be treated as ideal gas at temperature 100 °C, what is the average kinetic energy for each of the molecule in air?(Consider Oxygen, Nitrogen, and carbon dioxide as diatomic molecule structure which consist of translational and rotational degree of freedom only. No vibration motion is considered) Boltzmann constant is kg 1. 38 x 10-231/Karrow_forward
- The vibrational motion of H2 can be described as a harmonic oscillator with v = 4401.21 cm^-1. Calculate the fraction of molecules that have an energy equal to (3hv/2) at 1000 K Select one: 0.998 0.985 0.0018 0.0250arrow_forwardVibrations in the diatomic molecule CO can be approximated as a harmonic oscillator, where the angular frequency w = 6.505 × 1013 Hz and the reduced mass is equal to u = 1.14 × 10-27 kg. Assume the molecule is in its first excited vibrational state. Its vibrational wavefunction can then be written as V1 (æ) = (÷)i /2a xe-T where a = 2α πe If we were to measure the bond length of the molecule, what is the most likely displacement from the equilibrium bond distance in the first excited vibrational state? Give your answer in Angstroms [Note: The equilibrium displacement in the Quantum harmonic oscillator corresponds to x = = 0, ie the coordinate x measures displacement from equilibrium]arrow_forwardNitrogen molecules are made of two nitrogen atoms with atomic weight of 14 each. Water molecules are made of one oxygen of 16 atomic mass units and two hydrogens of 1 atomic mass unit each. If you have one gram of each substance in vapor form, at high enough temperature that all molecular vibration and rotation modes are accessible, and the two substances are at the same temperature, what is the ratio of the total energy content of the nitrogen to that of the water?arrow_forward
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