Biology 2e
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9781947172517
Author: Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark
Publisher: OpenStax
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Chapter 9, Problem 30CTQ
If a cell developed a mutation in its MAP2K1 gene (encodes the MEK protein) that prevented MIEK from being recognized by phosphatases, how would the EGFR signaling cascade and the cell’s behavior change?
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Put the following steps for the outline of the growth factor signaling pathway in order:
Map Kinase Kinase is Phosphorylated
Proteins involved in gene transcription are activated
Growth factor binds to its receptor in the cytoplasmic membrane
Receptor recruits adaptor protein and GEF
Autophosphorylation of tyrosine residues on the receptor
Structural change of the receptor activates Tyrosine Kinase
Map Kinase Kinase Kinase is phosphorylated
Ras, a small GTPase, is activated by the exchange of GTP for GDP
Map Kinase is Phosphorylated
Map Kinase enters the nucleus
Use the SGF-signaling pathway image as a reference, to answer the following questions. Use the data provided to EXPLAIN if the
cell will get to the response step or not. Keep in mind the purpose of this pathway is to cause skin cell division
Growth Factor (GF-signal) Activation of GF Receptor (RTK-receptor)
To cause Cell proliferation/cell division (Response)
Plasma membrane
Sos
Grb2
(Ras GEF)
(adapter)
Raf
МАРКK
Mek
МАРКK
Activation of target
genes that stimulate
proliferation
Erk
МАРК
You have a skin cell in a dish and have added Neural Growth Factor (NGF) to the cell media (the liquid the cell needs to live).
You are studying the role of CAMP in cell
signaling. You hypothesize that 2
intracellular signaling proteins, named GO
and TIGERS, interact with each other
when cells are treated with an extracellular
source of CAMP. The two proteins were
tagged with CFP or YFP (CFP = cyan
fluorescent protein; YFP = yellow
fluorescent protein). CFP is excited by 435
nm light and emits lights at 480 nm. YFP
is excited by 480 nm light and emits light
at 535 nm.
400
500
Wavelength of
Emitted Light
400
500
Wavelength of
Emitted Light
600
600
Fluorescence
400
400
500
Wavelength of
Emitted Light
600
500
Wavelength of
Emitted Light
600
Fluorescence
Intensity
400
500
Wavelength of
Emitted Light
600
Figure Legend. A. Cells expressing GO-CFP
irradiate with 435 nm light. B. Cells
expressing TIGERS-YFP and irradiated with
435 nm light. C. Cells expressing TIGERS-
YFP and irradiated with 480 nm light. D.
Cells expressing GO-CFP and TIGERS-YFP
and irradiated with 435 nm light. E. Cells
expressing GO-CFP and…
Chapter 9 Solutions
Biology 2e
Ch. 9 - Figure 9.8 HER2 is a receptor tyrosine kinase. In...Ch. 9 - Figure 9.10 In certain cancers, the GTPase...Ch. 9 - Figure 9.17 Which of the following statements...Ch. 9 - Figure 9.18 What advantage might biofilm...Ch. 9 - What property prevents the ligands of cell-surface...Ch. 9 - The secretion of hormones by the pituitary gland...Ch. 9 - Why are ion channels necessary to transport ions...Ch. 9 - Endocrine signals are transmitted more slowly than...Ch. 9 - A scientist notices that when she adds a small,...Ch. 9 - Where do DAG and IP3 originate? They are formed by...
Ch. 9 - What property enables the residues of the amino...Ch. 9 - Histamine binds to the H1 G-protein-linked...Ch. 9 - A scientist observes a mutation in the...Ch. 9 - What is the function of a phosphatase? A...Ch. 9 - How does NF-kB induce gene expression? A small,...Ch. 9 - Apoptosis can occur in a cell when the cell is...Ch. 9 - What is the effect of an inhibitor binding an...Ch. 9 - How does PKC’s signaling role change in response...Ch. 9 - A scientist notices that a cancer cell line fails...Ch. 9 - Which type of molecule acts as a signaling...Ch. 9 - Quorum sensing is triggered to begin when...Ch. 9 - A doctor is researching new ways to treat biofilms...Ch. 9 - What is the difference between intracellular...Ch. 9 - How are the effects of paracrine signaling limited...Ch. 9 - What are the differences between internal...Ch. 9 - Cells grown in the laboratory are mixed with a dye...Ch. 9 - Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood sugar by...Ch. 9 - The same second messengers are used in many...Ch. 9 - What would happen if the intracellular domain of a...Ch. 9 - If a cell developed a mutation in its MAP2K1 gene...Ch. 9 - What is a possible result of a mutation in a...Ch. 9 - How does the extracellular matrix control the...Ch. 9 - A scientist notices that a cancer cell line shows...Ch. 9 - What characteristics make yeasts a good model for...Ch. 9 - Why is signaling in multicellular organisms more...Ch. 9 - Pseudomonas infections are very common in hospital...
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- Aberrant signaling through the EGF receptor signal transduction pathway drives many forms of breast cancer, while misregulation of PI3K drives many prostate cancers. PI3K is one of MANY downstream effectors of EGF receptor signaling, and there are several known activating mutations of PI3K. Would a small molecule that targets PI3K be an effective treatment for a breast cancer that is driven by aberrant signaling through the EGF receptor? Briefly explain your choice. (THIS CAN BE DONE IN LESS THAN TWO SENTENCES, AND MINIMALLY IN ABOUT EIGHT WORDS.)arrow_forwardWhen epidermal growth factor (EGF)—the ligand for the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)—binds EGFR on the cell surface, the intracellular domain of the receptor changes shape into an "active state.” The receptor then induces a cascade of kinases in the cytoplasm, resulting in the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). One effect of EGFR signaling is the stimulation of cell proliferation. Overactive EGFR is frequently found in cancer cells. One strategy for developing anticancer drugs is to target the overactive signaling proteins found in cancer cells. Antibodies are proteins made by immune cells that only recognize specific biomolecules, called antigens. The major component of an anticancer drug is an antibody that specifically recognizes and binds EGFR. Which of the following will most likely happen when this anticancer drug is applied to a tumor that has a high level of EGFR? Tumor cells with active EGFR will increase and MAPK activity in the tumor will…arrow_forwardUse the SGF-signaling pathway image as a reference, to answer the following questions. Use the data provided to EXPLAIN if the cell will get to the response step or not. Keep in mind the purpose of this pathway is to cause skin cell division Growth Factor (GF-signal) Activation of GF Receptor (RTK-receptor) To cause Cell proliferation/cell division (Response) Plasma membrane Ras GEF ladapter) MAPIKK Mek MAPIK MAPK You have a skin cell that inject SGF protein directly into the cytoplasm but you do NOT put SGF in the media (the liquid the cell needs to live).arrow_forward
- Which of the following is True about the STAT signaling cascade? O It amplifies signal for TGF-B family of Growth Factors O It amplifies signal for cytokine receptors O It amplifies signal for receptor tyrosine kinases O It amplifies the signal for Notcharrow_forwardList two ways that GPCR signaling transduction can be turned off (go back to inactive state)arrow_forwardWhich components of the phosphoinositide signaling system are soluble and which are associated with the membrane?arrow_forward
- RAS is a signal transducer that acts as a switch for turning on cell division. Drag the descriptions below to their proper places on the figure to show the sequence of events. When growth factor binds to the receptor, the intracellular domain activates RAS by facilitating exchange of GDP for GTP. When no growth factor is bound to the extracellular receptor, RAS is bound to GDP and is inactive. RAS activates the first of three sequential kinase proteins termed the MAP kinase cascade. Cell proliferation proceeds as the machinery for cell division is set in motion. The end result of the MAP kinase cascade is activation of a transcription factor. Receptor 1 Ras GDP 2 4 5 Growth factor Ras GTParrow_forwardIf you could design a drug to overcome the affect of the newly evolved Listeria protein to restore normal extrinsic apoptotic signaling, which protein would you target and would you design the drug to activate or inactivate the targeted protein? Your drug would activate caspase 8. Your drug would activate caspase 9. Your drug would inhibit Fas ligand. O Your drug would activate the Grb2 adaptor protein.arrow_forwardTLRs activate NFkB, AP-1, and IRF transcription factors to induce the expression of inflammatory cytokines and type I interferons. A key feature of TLR signaling is the ability to induce inflammatory cytokine gene expression extremely rapidly following TLR stimulation. This is accomplished by signaling pathways using several mechanisms to activate transcription factors that are already present in the cell prior to TLR stimulation, but are kept in an inactive state. These signaling pathways use all of the following mechanisms EXCEPT: Induced ubiquitination leading to protein degradation Induced ubiquitination inducing protein–protein interactions Induced phosphorylation leading to nuclear translocation Induced phosphorylation leading to kinase activation Induced phosphorylation preventing protein degradationarrow_forward
- Which of the following signaling pathways use conventional molecular activation cascades (signaling cascades) to induce changes in gene transcription? These pathways involve sequential activation of multiple molecules in the cytosol before a final effector protein can translocate to the nucleus. Choose all that apply. O Cytokine receptors signaling pathway O TGF-B signaling pathway RTK signaling pathway O Notch/Delta signaling pathway Wnt signaling pathwayarrow_forwardCompare and contrast GPCR and RTK signaling. What role does GTP play in each? What role does phosphorylation play? How is each signal differently amplified? How do these two signaling types compare to steroid signaling with respect to gene activation?arrow_forwardThe figure below shows how normal signaling works with a Ras protein acting downstream of a receptor tyrosine kinase. CYTOSOL active receptor tyrosine kinase Taratas THERI signal molecule 00 active signaling Q Search active Ras protein GTP 99+ Į SIGNALING Il app.honorlock.com is sharing your screen. ✡ active signaling protein Y aarrow_forward
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