TLRs activate NFkB, AP-1, and IRF transcription factors to induce the expression of inflammatory cytokines and type I interferons. A key feature of TLR signaling is the ability to induce inflammatory cytokine gene expression extremely rapidly following TLR stimulation. This is accomplished by signaling pathways using several mechanisms to activate transcription factors that are already present in the cell prior to TLR stimulation, but are kept in an inactive state. These signaling pathways use all of the following mechanisms EXCEPT: Induced ubiquitination leading to protein degradation Induced ubiquitination inducing protein–protein interactions Induced phosphorylation leading to nuclear translocation Induced phosphorylation leading to kinase activation Induced phosphorylation preventing protein degradation

Q: Cytotoxic effector T cells also produce inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-g and TNF-a when their…

A: According to the question, we have to find out the reason behind the enhanced activity of the…

Q: ne epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activates a complex signaling network - increase…

A: The example shown in the question shows the ligand binding and the cascading of effects that is…

Q: The white blood cells known as T lymphocytes respond to antigens thatbind specifi cally to the T…

A: The TCR (T-cell receptor) is a heterodimer composed of two transmembrane protein subunits called α…

Q: Cyclosporin A and rapamycin are each used as T cell immunosuppressants. They share the property of…

A: Ciclosporin, commonly known as cyclosporine or cyclosporin, is an immunosuppressant drug that…

Q: Shown below is a cytokine signaling pathway which regulates SOCS gene expression and T cell…

A: Signal transduction is a process in which signals from the extracellular level enter the…

Q: major cause of septic shock is the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from bacteria in the blood.…

A: Septic shock has high modidity and mortality rate due to its effect on circulation in the body which…

Q: Many studies have indicated that autophagy and apoptosis play an important role in the pathogenesis…

A: The abstract is the most concise part of the research article where the results and conclusions are…

Q: a) What purpose does this forward reaction serve in that pathway?  b) Does the reverse reaction…

A: The Hippo signaling pathway is an evolutionarily conserved signaling pathway that is the latest…

Q: All cells of a multicellular organism may not respond in the same wayto a particular ligand…

A: Signal transduction also known as cell signaling is a pathway which involves the transmission of…

Q: Use the SGF-signaling pathway image as a reference, to answer the following questions. Use the data…

A: ANSWER;-

Q: The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activates a complex signaling network to increase…

A: Answer  C-myc synthesis is responsible for cell growth and development and prevent apoptosis.…

Q: Lung cell cancers are often associated with genetic changes in the EGFR/MAPK signaling pathway. One…

A: The cancer occurs in the body because of excessive growth and cell division in the cancer part of…

Q: Describe mechanisms to explain why not all of the anti-thyrotropin receptor antibodies would induce…

A: The endocrine system commands and coordinates the complex actions of the body by secreting chemical…

Q: Paracrine signaling is characterized by ligands that are __________. produced by the cell itself…

A: The process by which a cell receives or sends signals within itself and with the other cells is…

Q: T-cell receptors concentrate diversity in the third hypervariable region.  For alpha:beta T-cell…

A: Antigens are substances that activate the immune system of the body. Antibodies are antigen-binding…

Q: How does PKC's signaling role change in response to growth factor signaling versus an immune…

A: Step 1 Mechanism of gene regulation involves PKC’s that is Protein kinase C. It is a family protein…

Q: EGF signals by binding to cell surface EGF receptors. Which of these observations, if true, would…

A: The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway is one of the most important pathways…

Q: RTK: What would the following double mutations mean for the status of the signaling pathway, and the…

A: RTK or receptor tyrosine kinase is the high-affinity cell surface receptor for many polypeptides…

Q: The small fragments of some complement proteins initiate a local inflammatory response.  Recent…

A: In the body, there are certain plasma proteins seen, known as complement proteins. They are…

Q: Most mammalian cells have a single immobile cilium called the primary cilium, in which…

A: Intraflagellar transport (IFT) is the process by which proteins are transported into cilia. It…

Q: TLR-4 recognizes bacterial lipopolysaccharide in association with the host accessory proteins MD-2…

A: 10 TLR family members have been identified in humans and these TLRs are typing I transmembrane…

Q: Why is the signaling pathway that activates NF-κB considered to be relatively irreversible compared…

A: The mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade, which contains three serine-threonine kinases,…

Q: If a cell has an excess of a subunits, what is likely to happen to signaling pathways that act…

A: Presence of more number of subunits in the receptor will further makes the signaling pathway complex…

Q: In response to a hormone secreted by a cell of the opposite mating type, a yeast cell undergoes a…

A: GPCR (G Protein-Coupled Receptors) are cell surface receptors that use guanine nucleotide-binding…

Q: The first JAK kinase inhibitor to be developed, tofacitinib, inhibits JAK1 and JAK3. These two JAK…

A: An inflammatory disorder that can mainly affect the joints is defined by the term called rheumatoid…

Q: 1.Growth factor binding and dimerization Tyrosine kinase domain Growth factor 2. Autophosphorylation…

A: In contrast to G protein-coupled receptors where the cytosolic domain of the receptor is close to…

Q: Binding of TGF-β to its receptors can elicit a variety of responses in different cell types. For…

A: TGF-1–3 are multifunctional growth factors that are exclusively found in mammals and are released…

Q: ay, an example of a RTK. All of the proteins involved can be in ON/OFF states. Using this cell…

A: NGF of neurotrophic growth factor primarily involves in the growth, survival, proliferation and…

Q: The Gram-negative bacterium Yersinia pestis, thecausative agent of the plague, is extremely…

A: Acetylation or phosphorylation are the modifications in the proteins by changing its structure,…

Q: Which of these BEST describes how the signal is transduced from the EGF receptor to the Ras protein?…

A: Signal transduction also known as cell signaling is a process in which signals in the form of…

Q: The end result of the kinase cascade activated by epidermal growth factor (EGF) is (A) activation of…

A: Epidermal growth factor is a protein that stimulates cell growth and differentiation. It has 53…

Q: When epidermal growth factor (EGF)—the ligand for the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)—binds…

A: Cancer is caused by many reasons as a result that we see unregulated cell division and growth.

Q: A cell signaling molecule that triggers an effect only in the vicinity of the cell secreting is is…

A: In multicellular organisms, cells can send and receive chemical messages constantly to coordinate…

Q: mediated signaling without ligand, suggesting the signaling pathway has been constitutively…

A: Receptor tyrosine kinase is involved is cell signal transduction by a ligand it is responsible for…

Q: An adaptive immune response underlying coeliac disease pathogenesis involves:       a)  Production…

A: Coeliac disease is an autoimmune disorder that affects the intestine and lead to inflammations. When…

Q: Toll-like receptors represent an ancient pathogen-recognition system. The first pattern recognition…

A: The recent advancement of science has led to the discovery of the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) that…

Q: You are studying a cell line that expresses both GPCR-A and GPCR-B, each receptor binds the same…

A: The G-protein couples receptor signalling is mediated by a seven pass transmembrane receptor located…

Q: Virus infections induce production of interferons that act on infected cells to enhance their…

A: Interferons are a class of cytokines that have the ability to obstruct the replication of viruses by…

Q: A tumor cannot grow to be very large without the development of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) to…

A: Cancer is the disease that causes uncontrolled division of cells. The tumor formed may be malignant…

Q: Strikingly different signaling systems can operate in similar ways. For example, ethylene gas…

A: Two different cells interact with each other using some signals. The cell that produces the…

Q: a.What would happen if IKKbeta did not phosphorylate IkappaB? b.Why is it so hard to make cytokine…

A: IKKalpha, IKKbeta, and IKKgamma are the three sub units of IkappaB kinase. Out of these Ikk alpha…

Q: Even in the presence of a Ras-GAP, a single amino acid change in as renders it incapable of…

A: Mutations in the RAS are one of the main causes of one-third of all cancers. So researchers are…

Q: corticosteroids provide significant benefit to asthma patients with high numbers of eosinophils in…

A: Phenotypes of Asthma Based on the efficacy of administered steroids, asthmatic patients can be…

Q: Alefacept is a fusion protein that contains the CD2-binding domain of LFA3 fused to human IgG1, and…

A: 3. Alefacept does not deplete all effector or memory T cells, just a subset

Q: a clinical study, it was found that copaiba essential oil positively regulated multiple signaling…

A: Signalling Pathways are a series of chemical reactions in which a group of molecules in a cell work…

Q: A scientist observes a mutation in the transmembrane region of EGFR that eliminates its ability to…

A: When a ligand binds to its receptor there take place conformational changes that affect the…

Q: Once an activated signaling pathway has elicited the proper changes in target gene expression, the…

A: In biological systems, the type of regulation in which the final product results in the decline of…

Cell Signaling

It allows cells to perform various cellular activities, coordinate, and interact with other cells. All cells of an organism receive signals from their environments and respond accordingly. Even the unicellular eukaryotes receive signals secreted by other cells and respond. In the case of yeast, mating takes place by signaling between the yeast cells. Communication by cell signaling in a multicellular organism has become a vast and important part of various fields of biology.