Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781305389892
Author: Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 6, Problem 13TYK
Summary Introduction
To review:
The molecular substance that accelerates the
Introduction:
Enzymes are a type of protein compounds that tend to accelerate the rate of a given reaction many folds. Enzymes have properties that allow them to bind to a substrate and to accelerate the rate of reaction by converting them into more products, as the reactions without enzymes produce only few products. Enzymes are also known to be substrate specific.
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Consider the three-dimensional model of the tertiary structure of an enzyme below. Amino acids involved in binding are shaded blue, and amino acids involved in catalysis are shaded red.
When you plot [S] versus initial velocity for an allosteric enzyme, what type of plot arises: *
Hyperbolic.
Linear.
Exponential.
Sigmoidal.
Discontinuous
Enzymes are catalytic proteins or RNA molecules that accelerate chemical reactions. Substrates are the molecules that are acted upon by enzymes and are converted into products through the binding of substrates to an enzyme’s active site. Figure 1 below shows a protein enzyme’s active site and four potential protein substrates. Table 1 indicates the different chemical properties at several locations in a hypothetical enzyme’s active site, and Table 2 indicates the different chemical properties at several locations in the potential substrates. Locations labeled “A” in the enzyme’s active site and on the substrate will attempt to interact, as will locations that are labeled “B” and “C.
Based on Figure 1, explain whether the enzyme is more likely to bind with substrate 2 or substrate 4.
Chapter 6 Solutions
Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 6.1 - Prob. 1SBCh. 6.1 - In thermodynamics, what is meant by an isolated...Ch. 6.2 - Prob. 1SBCh. 6.2 - Prob. 2SBCh. 6.2 - Distinguish between exergonic and endergonic...Ch. 6.3 - Prob. 1SBCh. 6.3 - How are coupled reactions important to cell...Ch. 6.4 - How do enzymes increase the rates of the reaction...Ch. 6.4 - Can enzymes alter the G of a reaction?Ch. 6.5 - Prob. 1SB
Ch. 6.5 - What is the difference between competitive and...Ch. 6.5 - Prob. 3SBCh. 6.6 - Prob. 1SBCh. 6 - The capacity to do work best defines: a metabolic...Ch. 6 - The assembly of proteins from amino acids is best...Ch. 6 - When two glucose molecules react to form maltose:...Ch. 6 - When glucose reacts with ATP to form...Ch. 6 - In the following graph: A represents the product....Ch. 6 - Which of the following methods is not used by...Ch. 6 - In an enzymatic reaction: a. the enzyme leaves the...Ch. 6 - Which of the following statements about the...Ch. 6 - Which of the following statements about inhibition...Ch. 6 - Which of the following statements is incorrect? a....Ch. 6 - Prob. 11TYKCh. 6 - Discuss Concepts Trace the flow of energy through...Ch. 6 - Prob. 13TYKCh. 6 - Prob. 14TYKCh. 6 - Prob. 15TYKCh. 6 - Prob. 16TYKCh. 6 - Prob. 17TYKCh. 6 - Prob. 1ITDCh. 6 - Prob. 2ITDCh. 6 - Prob. 3ITD
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- Enzymes are catalytic proteins or RNA molecules that accelerate chemical reactions. Substrates are the molecules that are acted upon by enzymes and are converted into products through the binding of substrates to an enzyme’s active site. Figure 1 below shows a protein enzyme’s active site and four potential protein substrates. Table 1 indicates the different chemical properties at several locations in a hypothetical enzyme’s active site, and Table 2 indicates the different chemical properties at several locations in the potential substrates. Locations labeled “A” in the enzyme’s active site and on the substrate will attempt to interact, as will locations that are labeled “B” and “C. Describe, in terms of energy, how enzymes catalyze chemical reactions.arrow_forwardFind an enzyme that is used by humans for some industrial or useful process (apart from its original purpose; e.g. food production, textiles, agriculture, clinical diagnosis, medical treatment, biofuel production, material polymerization, etc.). How do we obtain or harvest the enzyme? What reaction(s) does it catalyze, and how is this useful for its industrial purpose? 200 words onlyarrow_forwardA biologist investigating enzyme function plotted the activity of a particular enzyme (y-axis) vs pH (x-axis). Experiment A was performed at 30 oC, experiment B at 10 oC and experiment C at 100 oC. Experiments A, B, and C all used the same type of enzyme, they simple tested the enzyme's activity at different temperatures. Using your knowledge of enzyme activity, answer the questions based on the results shown in the graph. (Answer question B) Graph included B. Why is there no hill in the middle of line C?arrow_forward
- Enzymes can be regulated in a many different ways. Covalent modification is one way. Here, the functional groups are attached to or removed from the enzyme. A phosphate group is an example of a functional group that can be added to an enzyme. Depending on the enzyme, addition of a phosphate group can either increase or decrease an enzyme's activity. Evaluate the following names and identify the general name of an enzyme that functions to add phosphate groups to its substrate? A. isomerase B. phosphatase C. kinase D. ligasearrow_forwardConsider an enzyme catalyzed reaction taking place in an aqueous solution. If the earlier process of folding the enzyme results in a large decrease in the entropy of the system, how would this impact the rate of the catalyzed reaction.arrow_forwardThe figure displays the relationship between initial rate of product formation and reactant concentration in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction with a fixed amount of enzyme. Which of the following statements best explains the shape of the rate curve at high reactant concentration?arrow_forward
- Which of the two graphs, below, represents an enzyme catalyzed version of the reaction Y-->X? Utilizing your understanding of enzyme function, clearly explain why you chose your answer. activation energy for reaction Y-X activation energy for reaction Y X reactant reactant product product (A) uncatalyzed reaction pathway enzyme-catalyzed reaction pathway (8) total energy- total energyarrow_forwardCompare the "Lock and key "model with the "induced fit" model of enzymesarrow_forwardConsider a reaction in which reactants X and Y combine to form the product Z. The diagram below compares the reaction coordinates for the catalyzed and uncatalyzed pathways of this reaction. B. X+Y Reaction Coordinate What does letter B represent? O Letter B represents the activation energy of the uncatalyzed reaction pathway. Letter B represents the energy difference between the reactants and products for the uncatalyzed pathway. O Letter B represents the activation energy of the catalyzed reaction pathway. Letter B represents the energy difference between the reactants and products for the catalyzed pathway. Energyarrow_forward
- Enzyme X has an optimal pH that is basic. If you were to design an experiment to determine the optimal pH for this enzyme, which of the following pH range(s) would you test and why? pH 1-3 pH 3-5 pH 5-7 pH 7-9 pH 9-11 pH 11-14arrow_forwardThe purpose of this experiment is to determine how the activity of an enzyme can change under certain conditions: temperature, pH, substrate concentration Introduction Purpose statement is specific, complete and uses proper scientific vocabulary Hypothesis statement is clear, logical and scientifically sound Contains sufficient background information relevant to the lab Accurate use of examples and scientific terminology Clear, concise (max 1 page; single spaced) Step 1: Obtain a sample amount of a hard fruit or vegetable, such as an apple, cut it into smaller equal pieces, and measure on a digital scale of 10g. Step 2: Get 100ml of room temperature tap water and add it into a glass cup, heat it on a hot plate until reaches 37 Celsius Step 3: Add the apple sample into the glass cup with the tap water and mix gently. Let the mixture to sit for 5 minutes. Step 4: With a kitchen thermometer measure the temperature of the apple mixture. Step 5: In a glass cup add 3mL of 3% hydrogen…arrow_forwardIs the data that you are collecting in the above table quantitative or qualitative? Explain why. Which treatment had the least amount of browning? Which had the most? Why do you think you obtained these results? Remember that the enzyme polyphenol oxidase is a protein! For each treatment, apply your knowledge of how temperature, pH, and salt concentration affect enzyme activity and explain why you got the results that you did. Include bonds and the levels of protein structure that you explored in Activity A in your answer. How does temperature impact the rate of enzyme activity? If you were to leave the apple in the refrigerator longer, why would it eventually brown? Explain based on what you know about enzyme activity. How does pH and its impact on specific types of bonds explain the results you obtained in your lemon juice treatment? Include bonds and levels of protein structure in your answer. How does salt and its impact on specific types of bonds explain the results you obtained…arrow_forward
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Enzyme Kinetics; Author: MIT OpenCourseWare;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FXWZr3mscUo;License: Standard Youtube License