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Biochemistry

6th Edition

ISBN:9781305577206

Author:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham

Publisher:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham

Chapter21: Photosynthesis

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 13P

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The conversion of glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate is an example of oxidative deamination. Give the complete chemical equation of the said pathway. What happens to the second product of this reaction?
Write balanced equations for each of the reactions of thecitric acid cycle.
When grown anaerobically on glucose, yeast (S. cerevisiae) converts pyruvate to acetaldehyde, then reduces acetaldehyde to Pethanol using electrons from NADH. Write the chemical equation for the reaction that reduces acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) to ethanol (CH3CH2OH). The table provides the standard reduction potential, E', of the relevant half-reactions. Half-reaction Acetaldehyde + 2 H+ + 2e¯ → ethanol NAD+ + 2H+ + 2e¯ → NADH + H+ E'° (V) -.197 -.320 Calculate the equilibrium constant, K'eq, at 25.0 °C for the reaction that reduces acetaldehyde to ethanol. K'e ×10 = eq
In some brain cancer cells, a mutated form of isocitrate dehydrogenase, instead of catalyzing the oxidation of the secondary alcohol of isocitrate, catalyzes the reduction of a-ketoglutarate. Draw the product of the reaction.
HEPES, 4-(2-hydro)-1-piperazine ethane sulfonic acid, shown below. fully protonated, has pKa’s of 3.00 and 7.55. It is a commonly used buffer for tissue culture and organ storage during transplantation due in part to its effectiveness over a wide temperature range. One-way oxalic acid can be produced in fungi by hydrolysis of oxaloacetate, an intermediate in the Kreb’s citric acid cycle, to produce oxalic acid and acetic acid. This reaction, shown below, is catalyzed by oxaloacetase. [O2CC(O)CH2CO2] 2− + H2O → C2O44−+ CH3COO− + H+ oxaloacetate oxalic acid acetate In a 1-ml reaction mixture containing 50 mM NaCl, 50 mM HEPES, pH 7.8, 5 mM oxaloacetate and 5 pmol oxaloacetase, complete hydrolysis of the oxaloacetate was achieved in 10 minutes of incubation at 30°C. What was the pH of the reaction mixture at the end of the reaction?
Triosephosphate isomerase (TIM) catalyzes the conversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. The enzyme’s catalytic groups are Glu 165 and His 95. In the first step of the reaction, these catalytic groups function as a general-base and a general-acid catalyst, respectively. Propose a mechanism for the reaction.
With regard to the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme reaction: The product of this reaction is “rather special”. Comment
Write a balanced equation for the conversion of stearate into acetoacetate.
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Consumption of nitrate-rich vegetables such as spinach have been shown to reduce blood pressure in prehypertensive individuals (i.e., those having no history of clinical hypertension), a phenomenon attributed to increased nitric oxide synthesis. Describe the reactions that convert nitrate (NO3 −) to nitric oxide (NO•) in the body.
What residues mediate zinc binding in carbonic anhydrase and what role does zinc play in catalysis
[AktivGrid] Draw the product of the reaction of isocitrate catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase in the TCA (citric acid) cycle. Provide the structure in the protonation state found in physiological conditions. 9 H-C-OH 800- -H CH₂ ° Coo of NAD+ dehydrogen isocitrate ase NADH, H*, Drawing CO2

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