Please answer part e and f in detail, thanks The COVID vaccines made by Pfizer and Moderna both utilize a new technology based onmRNA.d. What chemical change was made to the mRNA used?Replace uridines with pseudouridinese. Why was the change in part d necessary, and what is the origin of the chemical change?f. Each of these vaccines use artificial lipids. What are the roles of each, what is the keystructural component of each, and how does each structural component accomplish itstask or goal?

The COVID-19 pandemic has been mostly contained thanks to COVID vaccinations, which offer excellent…

Answered: The COVID vaccines made by Pfizer and…

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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What are the differences between protein subunit vaccines and mRNA vaccines?” “2. What is the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC, the question means in general, not of a specific drug)? Why might different bacteria have different MICs to different drugs?” “3. Knowing what you know now about misuse of antibiotics, is it beneficial or harmful to stop including the antiseptic triclosan in soaps?”
Here is the model for TfR mRNA regulation (see Fig.), for your convenience. Orange protein (IRP or IREBP), when bound to RNA, protects mRNA from degradation. When Fe is bound to the protein, it cannot bind the mRNA. If you made a radioactive DNA probe specific to TfR mRNA and performed a Northern blot analysis (to detect mRNA) from cells treated with high iron (Fe) concentration what would you expect to see? (a) Low iron RNase A (b) High iron O High levels of RNase O Low levels of TfR mRNA Fe RNase O The result would be the same as untreated cells Degradation O High levels of IRP (or IREBP - iron responsive element binding protein) O High levels of TfR mRNA
Compare and contrast both the structure, AND the molecular mechanisms of the Moderna/Pfizer Covid-19 mRNA vaccines to the Johnson & Johnson adenovirus vaccine. Include in your answer a hypothesis as to why two doses of the mRNA vaccine are required, but only one does of the adenovirus vaccine is required.
radioactively labeled cDNA is used to probe RNA isolated from kidney by Northern blotting. Twobands are seen on the blot. Which of the following reasons is least possible? A. A single pre mRNA is spliced into two different messagesB. There are two promoters for the geneC. There are two related genes expressed in kidneyD. The mRNA is cleaved in the cytoplasm as part of its degradation Explain why the answer is B or EE. There is a single mRNA produced but some is not polyadenylated
Explain karyopherin exportins? What is it? What is its function? Why is iş important for the nucleus?
Can you please help me by drawing a serie of schematic figures that demonstrates the information in the paragraph below. The carboxy terminus of the p53 protein acts as an allosteric regulator of sequence-specific DNA binding. This was demonstrated initially by Hupp et al. (1992) using a bacterially expressed protein. Recombinant bacterial p53 bound poorly to DNA, and binding could be enhanced by the addition of antibodies specific to the C-terminal region of the protein. Phosphorylation of Ser315 and Ser392 within this domain also enhance sequence-specific DNA binding. Dephosphorylation of Ser376 of p53 after IR allows the association of 14-3-3 proteins with the C terminus of the protein (Waterman et al., 1998). Stavridi et al. (2001) demonstrate that this interaction is required for p53 to activate the downstream gene, p21waf1/cip1, and for the G1 cell cycle checkpoint arrest response. Interestingly, this dephosphorylation event seems to be ATM-dependent, possibly by a phosphatase…
a. Some antibiotics, such as rifampin, interfere with the function of RNA polymerase. What biological process is rifampin disrupting? b. Some antibiotic-resistant M. tuberculosis bacteria have a single point mutation (CàT) in the rpoB gene that causes an amino acid change from serine (a polar amino acid) to leucine (a non-polar amino acid). What type of mutation is this? Do you expect this to have no effect, a small effect, or a large effect on the polypeptide produced? Explain your reasoning. c. The rpoB gene encodes a subunit of the bacterial RNA polymerase protein. The point mutation described in Question 2 causes a change in protein folding, which leads to the inability of the rifampin antibiotic to bind to the RNA polymerase. Which level(s) of protein structure is/are affected by this change?
E22. The method of Northern blotting is used to determine the amount and size of a particular RNA transcribed in a given cell type. Alternative splicing (discussed in Chapter 12) produces mRNAs of different lengths from the same gene. The Northern blot shown here was made using a DNA probe that is complementary to the MRNA encoded by a particular gene. The mRNA in lanes 1 through 4 was isolated from different cell types, and equal amounts of total cellular MRNA were added to each lane. 2 3 4 Lane 1: MRNA isolated from nerve cells Lane 2: MRNA isolated from kidney cells Lane 3: MRNA isolated from spleen cells Lane 4: MRNA isolated from muscle cells Explain these results. | |
Shown is part of the coding strand of the HBB gene involved in sickle cell disease. What will be the effect on the resulting peptide of a deletion of the two nucleotides shown in bold/underline? 5' CTG ACT CCT GAG GAC 3' a) A change from glutamic acid to valine will occur b) The deletion will not result in a change to the polypeptide c) A nonsense mutation will occur d) The polypeptide will be missing one amino acid, but the reading frame will be preserved
RNA knockdown has become a powerful tool in the arsenal of methods used to repress gene expression. Briefly describe how gene expression can be knocked down. What effect would introducing siRNAs to TSC1 have on human cells?
List and briefly explain. C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II function to ensure that the varoius sets of mRNA processing enzymes carry out their duties at the apporpiate time and place?
Some Covid 19 vaccines in development use the adenovirus, a common vector used in gene therapies, to inject the mRNa for the spike protein into human muscle cells. Why might vaccines using a virus vector be more likely to need only refrigeration and not deep-cold storage? Some older vaccines used a weakened strain of the pathogenic virus in the injection in the hope that the weakened virus would induce an immune response without causing disease. The virus vectors used in genetic engineering have all the harmful virus genes cut out and replaced with the foreign gene, such as one that makes a protein that is absent in the human patient. Which type of viral vaccine would you prefer to take as the safest option? Why?

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