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In what ways does the neural control of smooth muscle activity differ from that of skeletal muscle?
Describe how a stimulus may lead to the contraction of a smooth muscle cell without a change in the plasma membrane potential.
Describe the differences between single-unit and multiunit smooth muscles.
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- Skeletal muscle is described as striated. What are the lighter, thinner stripes noted under the microscope? Group of answer choices troponin actin myosin dystrophin Rather than innervating individual muscle fibers, motor neurons often innervate two or more muscle fibers. The motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates are together called a: Group of answer choices motor unit myofibril muscle fascicle motor fascia Fast glycolytic muscle fibers allow for relatively quick ATP energy production by splitting glucose (but eventually leads to fatigue), a process described as: Group of answer choices fermentation aerobic pathway anaerobic pathway ATP reserve useFrom the following choices, choose the THREE, that would result in prevention of muscle contraction (in other words, which three descriptive changes below would result in flaccid paralysis of a muscle). exocytosis of acetylcholine is constant, even without action potential injection of botulinum toxin calcium cannot be pumped back into the terminal cisternae acetylcholine receptor remains open to sodium active sites on actin a permanently exposed dramatically increase the activity of acetylcholinesterase calcium cannot bind troponinWhich of the following step(s) about the excitation of skeletal muscle is/are incorrect? 1. Acetylcholine is released and binds to motor end plate receptors 2. An action potential is created and moves down T-tubules 3. Calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum 4. Calcium ions bind to tropomyosin to shift troponin off the binding sites for cross-bridging 5. Myosin forms cross-bridges and binds with actin to pull it towards middle of sarcomere
- Distinguish between skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle in terms of location and whether they have sarcomeres. Use the sliding filament model to draw how thin filaments, thick filaments, and Z lines move during muscle contraction. Predict how perturbations of acetylcholine release, reception, or breakdown will influence muscle contraction. Predict how perturbations of actin, troponin, tropomyosin, myosin, or calcium would influence muscle contraction. Distinguish between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. Predict how changes in stress levels or situations would affect activation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system, levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine, and blood pressure.Discuss the following statement: “The basal lam-ina of muscle fibers serves as a molecular bulletin board,in which adjoining cells can post messages that direct thedifferentiation and function of the underlying cells.”Characteristics of smooth muscles fibers are: spindle shaped, unbranched, unstriated, uninucleate and involuntary spindle shaped, unbranched, multistriated, uninucleate and involuntary cylinderical, unbranched, unstriated, uninucleate and involuntary Cylindrical, unbranched, striated, multinucleate and involuntary Fat cells are characterized by: affected by starvation present in adults they are heat insulator they have signet ring appearance abundant mitochondria
- Put these events that occur in skeletal muscle in the correct chronological sequence: 1. Activation of voltage-gated dihydropyridine (DHP) receptor in the T-tubule 2. Opening of mechanically-gated ryanodine receptors (RyR) on the sarcoplasmic reticulum 3. Na+ influx through ligand-gated ion channels on the motor end plate 4. Ca2+ binding to troponin 2, 1, 4, 3 4, 3, 2, 1 4, 3, 1, 2 3, 1, 4, 2 3, 1, 2, 4A motor unit associated with the stimulation of skeletal muscle is designated as a 1:8 motor unit. Which of the following statements is correct? The motor unit consists of one somatic neuron and 8 myofibers (muscle fibers) Each of the myofibers in the motor unit is innervated by more than one neuron It is part of the autonomic nervous system The neuron in the motor unit is an afferent neuronMatch the following types of contractions: The stimulus above which no stronger contraction can be elicited, because all motor units are firing in the muscle Determined by alternating motor units of a muscle organ even when the muscle is at rest Continued sustained smooth contraction due to rapid stimulation The situation in which contractions become stronger due to stimulation before complete relaxation occurs How a smooth increase in muscle force is produced [Choose] [Choose ] [Choose] [Choose] [Choose]
- Put these events that occur in skeletal muscle in the correct chronological sequence: 1. Opening of mechanically-gated ryanodine receptors (RyR) on the sarcoplasmic reticulum 2. Ca²+ binding to troponin to initiate contraction 3. Activation of voltage-gated dihydropyridine (DHP) receptor in the T-tubule 4. Na+ influx through ligand-gated ion channels on the motor end plate 4, 3, 2, 1 2, 1, 4, 3 3, 1, 2, 4 4, 3, 1, 2 3, 1, 4, 2A) Assuming that each individual muscle fiber generates the same amount of tension, which of the following skeletal muscles will produce the greatest amount of overall tension when fully stimulated? Muscle Total Number of Muscle Fibers in Muscle A 150 B 1000 C 600 Group of answer choices Muscle A Muscle B Muscle C B)The following list of events take place during a muscle contraction. Place the events in chronological order as they relate to a muscle contraction. Calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Myosin heads bind to actin. An action potential arrives at the axon terminal of a motor neuron. Calcium binds to troponin, displacing tropomyosin and exposing myosin head binding sites on actin. Myosin heads undergo power stroke and actin slides over myosin towards M line of sarcomere. Acetylcholine is released at the neuromuscular junction.One of the primary characteristics of all muscle tissue is contractility, the ability to shorten (contract) and lengthen (relax). You've identified the various components of a myofibril above. Now, use the table below to indicate what occurs to each band, line, or zone when the muscle contracts vs. relaxes. What occurs to this region / structure during contraction/relaxation? Region / Structure A-Band H-Band I-Band M-Line Z-Line Zone of Overlap Sarcomere No change Shortens Lengthens Muscle Contraction Muscle Relaxation