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(a)
The work done on the lead block in the process.
(a)
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Answer to Problem 77PQ
The work done on the lead block in the process is
Explanation of Solution
Given that the mass of the lead block is
Write the expression for the work done at constant pressure.
Here,
Write the expression for the change in the volume of lead block when its temperature changes.
Here,
Write the expression for the coefficient of volume expansion in terms of the coefficient of linear expansion.
Here,
Use expression (III) in (II).
Write the expression for the volume of the lead block in terms of its mass and density.
Here,
Use expression (V) in (IV).
Use expression (VI) in (I).
Conclusion:
Substitute
Therefore, the work done on the lead block when the temperature increases is
(b)
The amount of energy added to the block by heat in the process.
(b)
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
Answer to Problem 77PQ
The amount of energy added to the block by heat in the process is
Explanation of Solution
Write the expression for the heat added up into the block while heating.
Here,
Conclusion:
Substitute
Therefore, the amount of energy added to the block by heat is
(c)
The change in the internal energy of the block during the process.
(c)
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Answer to Problem 77PQ
The change in thermal energy of the block during the process is
Explanation of Solution
The change in thermal energy of the block is equal to the sum of heat added up to the system and the work done.
Write the expression for the change in thermal energy of the block.
Here,
Conclusion:
Substitute
Therefore, the change in thermal energy of the block during the process is
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Chapter 21 Solutions
Physics for Scientists and Engineers: Foundations and Connections
- A power plant has been proposed that would make use of the temperature gradient in the ocean. The system is to operate between 20.0C (surface water temperature) and 5.00C (water temperature at a depth of about 1 km). (a) What is the maximum efficiency of such a system? (b) If the useful power output of the plant is 75.0 MW, how much energy is absorbed per hour? (c) In view of your answer to part (a), do you think such a system is worthwhile (considering that there is no charge for fuel)?arrow_forwardIn 1986, a gargantuan iceberg broke away from the Ross Ice Shelf in Antarctica. It was approximately a rectangle 160 km long, 40.0 km wide, and 250 m thick. (a) What is the mass of this iceberg, given that the density of ice is 917kg/m3 ? (b) How much heat transfer (in joules) is needed to melt it? (c) How many years would it take sunlight alone to melt ice this thick, if the ice absorbs an average of 100W/m2, 12.00 h per day?arrow_forwardA power plant has been proposed that would make use of the temperature gradient in the ocean. The system is to operate between 20.0C (surface water temperature) and 5.00C (water temperature at a depth of about 1 km). (a) What is the maximum efficiency of such a system? (b) If the useful power output of the plant is 75.0 MW, how much energy is absorbed per hour? (c) In view of your answer to part (a), do you think such a system is worthwhile (considering that there is no charge for fuel)?arrow_forward
- A 25-g ice cube at 0.0C is heated. After it first melts, the temperature increases to the boiling point of water (100.0C), and the water then boils to form 25 g of water vapor at 100.0C. How much energy in total is added to the ice/water? Which process (melting, increasing temperature, or boiling) requires the most energy? Water has a latent heat of vaporization of 2.256 106 J/kg, a latent heat of fusion of 3.33 105 J/kg, and specific heat of 4190 J/(kg K).arrow_forwardIn 1986, an enormous iceberg broke away from the Ross Ice Shelf in Antarctica. It was an approximately rectangular prism 160 km long, 40.0 kin wide, and 250 m thick. (a) What is the mass of this iceberg, given that the density of ice is 917 kg/m3? (b) How much heat transfer (in joules) is needed to melt it? (c) How many years would it take sunlight alone to melt ice this thick, if the ice absorbs an average of 100 W/m2, 12.00 h per day?arrow_forwardFrom Table 21.1, the specific heat of milk is 3.93 103 J/ (kg K). and the specific heat of water is 4.19 103 J/(kg K). Suppose you wish to make a large mug (0.500 L) of hot chocolate. Each liquid is initially at 5.00C. and you need to raise their temperature to 80.0C. The density of milk is about 1.03 103 kg/m3, and the density of water is 1.00 103 kg/m3. a. How much heat must be transferred in each case? b. If you use a small electric hot plate that puts out 455 W, how long would it take to heat each liquid?arrow_forward
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- (a) What is the best coefficient of performance for a refrigerator that cools an environment at 30.0C and has heat transfer to another environment at 45.0C ? (b) How much work in joules must be done for a heat transfer of 4186 kJ from the cold environment? (c) What is the cost of doing this if the work costs 10.0 cents per 3.60106J (a kilowatthour)? (d) How many kJ of heat transfer occurs into the warm environment? (e) Discuss what type of refrigerator might operate between these temperatures.arrow_forward(a) If you toss 10 coins, what percent of the time will you get the three most likely macrostates (6 heads and 4 tails, 5 heads and 5 tails, 4 heads and 6 tails)? (b) You can realistically toss 10 coins and count the number of heads and tails about twice a minute. At mat rate, how long will it take on average to get either 10 heads and 0 tails or 0 heads and 10 tails?arrow_forward
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