Life in the Universe (4th Edition)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9780134089089
Author: Jeffrey O. Bennett, Seth Shostak
Publisher: PEARSON
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Textbook Question
Chapter 2, Problem 3RQ
What is apparent retrograde motion, and why was it so difficult to explain with the geocentric model? What is its real explanation?
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What do we mean by apparent retrograde motion of planets? Why was it difficult for ancient astronomers to explain? How do we explain it today?
What is retrograde motion? How did the geocentric theory explain these motions? How did the heliocentric theory explain these motions?
Kepler's 1st law says that our Solar System's planets orbit in ellipses around the Sun where the closest distance to the Sun is called perihelion.
Suppose I tell you that there is a planet with a perihelion distance of 2 AU and a semi-major axis of 1.5 AU.
Does this make physical sense? Explain why or why not.
Chapter 2 Solutions
Life in the Universe (4th Edition)
Ch. 2 - Describe at least three characteristics of Greek...Ch. 2 - What do we mean by a model of nature? Summarize...Ch. 2 - What is apparent retrograde motion, and why was it...Ch. 2 - Who first proposed the idea that Earth is a planet...Ch. 2 - Prob. 5RQCh. 2 - What was the Copernican revolution, and how did it...Ch. 2 - Why didnt Copernicuss model gain immediate...Ch. 2 - State and explain each of Keplers laws of...Ch. 2 - Briefly describe three reasonable objections to...Ch. 2 - How did Newtons discoveries about the laws of...
Ch. 2 - How did the Copernican revolution affect scholarly...Ch. 2 - What is the difference between a hypothesis and a...Ch. 2 - Describe each of the three hallmarks of science...Ch. 2 - What is Occams razor? Give an example of how it...Ch. 2 - Why doesnt science accept personal testimony as...Ch. 2 - In what sense is gravity both a fact and a theory?...Ch. 2 - What is Newtons universal law of gravitation?...Ch. 2 - Prob. 18RQCh. 2 - Lionel Messi is the best soccer player of his...Ch. 2 - Several kilometers below its surface, Europa has...Ch. 2 - My house is haunted by ghosts, who make the...Ch. 2 - There are no lakes or seas on Mars today.Ch. 2 - All life in the universe must use DNA as its...Ch. 2 - Children born when Jupiter is in the constellation...Ch. 2 - Prob. 25TYUCh. 2 - Newtons law of gravity explains the orbits of...Ch. 2 - God created the laws of motion that were...Ch. 2 - Prob. 28TYUCh. 2 - In Ptolemys geocentric model, the retrograde...Ch. 2 - Which of the following was not a major advantage...Ch. 2 - Earth is closer to the Sun in January than in...Ch. 2 - According to Keplers third law, (a) Mercury...Ch. 2 - Tycho Brahes contributions to astronomy included...Ch. 2 - Galileos contributions to astronomy included (a)...Ch. 2 - Which of the following is not true about...Ch. 2 - Which of the following is not true about a...Ch. 2 - How did the Copernican revolution alter...Ch. 2 - When Einsteins theory of gravity (general...Ch. 2 - Greek Models. As we discussed in this chapter, the...Ch. 2 - Copernican Players. Using a bulleted list format,...Ch. 2 - Atomists and Aristotelians. The ancient Greek...Ch. 2 - Influence on History. Based on what you have...Ch. 2 - Sedna Orbit. The object Sedna orbits our Sun at an...Ch. 2 - Eris Orbit. The dwarf planet Eris, which is...Ch. 2 - New Planet Orbit. A newly discovered planet orbits...Ch. 2 - Halleys Orbit. Halleys Comet orbits the Sun every...Ch. 2 - Newtons Universal Law of Gravitation. a. How does...Ch. 2 - Science and Religion. Science and religion are...Ch. 2 - The Impact of Science. The modern world is filled...Ch. 2 - Absolute Truth. An important issue in the...Ch. 2 - Pseudoscience. Choose a pseudoscientific claim...Ch. 2 - Prob. 60WP
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- What is an epicycle? How is it important in Ptolemy's explanation of the retrograde motions of the planets?.arrow_forwardUse Kuiper Belt Object Haumea's eccentricity; e = 0.189, semimajor axis, a = 43.3 AU, and Period, P = 285 yrs, values to a) calculate its perihelion and aphelion distances with Dp = a (1 e) and D₂ = a (1 + e), b) verify if Haumea's a and P satisfy Kepler's third law for all objects orbiting the Sun: p2 = a³. Show your work. Paragraph Lato (Recom... a) Dp= Da= V b) p2= BI 19px... v U A L EQ 58° ...arrow_forwardLet's use Kepler's laws for the inner planets. Use the following distances from the sun to calculate the orbital period for each of these planets. Express your answer in terms of Earth years to two significant figures. Answer for the highlighted planet in each question. Note: Use Kepler's law directly. Don't just Google the answers, as they will be a little bit different. When you have calculated them, only submit the value for Earth. Planet Distance from the sun Period of orbit around the sun Earth 150 million km ___ Earth years Mercury 58 million km ___ Earth years Venus 108 million km ___ Earth years Mars 228 million km ___ Earth yearsarrow_forward
- Draw a picture that explains why Venus goes through phases the way the Moon does, according to the heliocentric cosmology. Does Jupiter also go through phases as seen from Earth? Why?arrow_forwardThe table below presents the semi-major axis (a) and Actual orbital period for all of the major planets in the solar system. Cube for each planet the semi-major axis in Astronomical Units. Then take the square root of this number to get the Calculated orbital period of each planet. Fill in the final row of data for each planet. Table of Data for Kepler’s Third Law: Table of Data for Kepler’s Third Law: Planet aau = Semi-Major Axis (AU) Actual Planet Calculated Planet Period (Yr) Period (Yr) __________ ______________________ ___________ ________________ Mercury 0.39 0.24 Venus 0.72 0.62 Earth 1.00 1.00 Mars 1.52 1.88 Jupiter…arrow_forwardGanymede (red circle). Also shown are some of the beginning and ending of orbits for lo (whit Figure 3. Image shows some of the locations to measure the beginning or ending of an orbit for Ca G C July 1 21 WEST EAST 3. 8. to 10 Europa 11 Ganymede 12 13 14 15 16 Callisto 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 or square).arrow_forward
- Suppose you made a hole all the way through the middle of the earth. If you fell in the hole, would the force of gravity increase or decrease? If your acceleration due to gravity is 10m/s^2 when you enter the hole, what is the acceleration at the center of the earth (include direction)? What is the acceleration due to gravity when you exit the other side (include direction)?arrow_forwardShow your complete solution.Use 3 decimal places throughout your solution and express final answers in 3 decimalplaces. Answers with wrong units will not be considered.Box or highlight your final answers.arrow_forward(If relevant) A clearly labeled diagram (or diagrams) clearly pertaining to your analysis with a coordinate system and relevant labels. Final answer with appropriate units and significant figures. A 2-3 sentence reflection on your answer. Does it make sense? Why or why not? What are some implications? Do not just summarize your solution procedure.arrow_forward
- Scale 0.7707346 AU Period= 2.41495 Years Kepler's Laws: Using the orbit shown below and a ruler, measure the scale bar in the top left corner in centimeters. The length of the bar is equal to the distance in AU shown below the bar. Measure the aphelion and perihelion distance of the orbit inarrow_forwardWhat is meant by Apogee and perigee, Eccentricity? How do we calculate them?arrow_forwardLet's use Kepler's laws for the inner planets. Use the following distances from the sun to calculate the orbital period for each of these planets. Express your answer in terms of Earth years to two significant figures. Note: Use Kepler's law directly. Don't just Google the answers, as they will be a little bit different. When you have calculated them, only submit the value for Mercury. Planet Distance from the sun Period of orbit around the sun Earth 150 million km ___ Earth years Mercury 58 million km ___ Earth years Venus 108 million km ___ Earth years Mars 228 million km ___ Earth yearsarrow_forward
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