Concept explainers
Quantitative Researchers hypothesized that leaf mimicry by B. trifoliolata provides protection from plant-eating animals (herbivores). The results of a study of 45 individual vines are shown in the following graph. Light conditions were very similar in all cases. Researchers compared the level of leaf damage by plant eaters (herbivory index) in vines climbing leafy host trees, vines creeping on the ground with no support, and vines climbing on bare tree trunks. Use the P values provided to determine if the differences are significant or not (*** means P < 0.001, see BioSkills 3). What conclusion, if any, can be drawn about leaf mimicry from this study? What might the researchers do next to further explore the role of leaf mimicry?
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Biological Science (7th Edition)
- forest sites than in forest fragments, whereas there were no significant differences between fragments of different sizes. These results provide further evidence for the effects of habitat size on the phorid-Acromyrmex system in a tropical rain forest, based on the abundance of parasitoids both as adults in the field and as reared immature phorids in the laboratory. Phorid parasitized leafcutter ants were most abundant in areas of continuous forest, and less abundant in the forest fragments. O Phorid flies are important parasitoids of leafcutter ants nd leafcutter ants can be found in Brazil's Southeastern Both phorid flies Atlantic Forest. The study provides evidence that this parasitoid-host interaction between phorid flies and leafcutter ant differs between continuous forest and forest fragments. Phorid flies were just as abundant in forest fragments as they were in continuous forest, but were less successful in parasitizing leafcutter ants.arrow_forwardMake a simple model illustrating how tomato plants might be able to detect insects on a neighboring plant and protect themselves from infestation and how the components of this system interact. Show how fungi transfer information from insect-infested tomato plants to nearby uninfested tomato plants. Be sure to label any inputs and outputs in the model.arrow_forwardc) Suppose you count the number of seeds produced by milkweed plants in different habitats with variable numbers of herbivores present. Add trendlines to the graphs below to represent your hypothesized outcomes for fecundity relative to plant damage and latex production. 0.6 0.2 -0.2 -0.6 - -1 2. Latex production index Plant damage index d) Provide a valid rationale to explain why latex production and plant damage would influence seed production as you hypothesized above. Differences in seed productionarrow_forward
- What effects could there be in a plant depending on the pesticide selection?arrow_forwardIntraspecific competition is a competition between members of the same species and is commonly observed in crop plants. Table 6.2 shows the results of a greenhouse experiment which examined the effects of density on the germination and growth of barley. Plants were grown for two weeks in 10- cm diameter pots kept in identical environmental conditions and watered regularly. At the end of the experiment the plants were cropped by cutting the stems at the soil surface. In the given context, can you explain thoroughly the meaning of plant density that this passage is talking about?arrow_forwardWhat could be the purpose of studying Mangroves parasitism?arrow_forward
- Table 1. Average turgor loss point, stem hydraulic conductivity and plant water use efficiency for the two species. Trait Species A Species B Statistics Turgor loss point -2.5 MPa -1.1. MPa p <0.033 Hydraulic conductivity 0.11 Kg mm-1 MPa-1 s-1 0.33 Kg mm-1 MPa-1 s-1 p <0.005 Water use efficiency 80.6 µmol mol-1 47.1 µmol mol-1 p <0.004 Please Describe the data in Table 1arrow_forwardShow a picture or draw Of Rice plant with the pest repellent property of Basil leaves (3d Model)arrow_forwardDescribe the behavior of ants when the trail was blocked. How did they establish or reestablish the trail? Explain the mechanism of trail establishment or reestablishment.arrow_forward
- Table 1. Average turgor loss point, stem hydraulic conductivity and plant water use efficiency for the two species. Trait Species A Species B Statistics Turgor loss point -2.5 MPa -1.1. MPa p <0.033 Hydraulic conductivity 0.11 Kg mm-1 MPa-1 s-1 0.33 Kg mm-1 MPa-1 s-1 p <0.005 Water use efficiency 80.6 µmol mol-1 47.1 µmol mol-1 p <0.004 Explain using data from Table 1 and Figure 2 the two different physiological strategies for these species against the environmental stressors expected from Figure 1. Figure 2.(attached) Pre-dawn and midday leaf water potential (Ψleaf) for the two species at different dates throughout the year.arrow_forwardResearchers performed an experiment on young individuals of two species of savannah tree (Figure 21.18). They determined the temperature to which each tree was exposed at different height as well as the diameter of the tree, which they used as an index of resistance to fire, as larger diameters = thicker bark and greater resistance to fire. What do the data suggest with regards to adaptation to frequent fire? ordeal tree 650- O O 8EDOD COO O D 450- O OO 0 250 O O 50+ 20 40 60 80 diameter (mm) monkey bread tree 650- BI 450- O O 250- 50+ 20 40 60 80 diameter (mm) Figure 21.18 Stems that survived (open squares) or died (black circles) after exposure to a particular temperature for both the ordeal tree (A) and the monkey bread tree (B). The line represents the regression of the estimated lethal temperature for each diameter, defined as the midpoint of the maximum diameter dead point and minimum diameter live point at each temperature. Trees over a certain diameter typically do not survive,…arrow_forwardConsider why there might be natural selection for poisonous plants to warn potential herbivores with bright colors, but why there seems to be no similar selective pressure for poisonous mushrooms to do the same. Which of the following best explains this difference? a) Fungi, like mushrooms, do not rely on photosynthesis and hence do not need to attract or warn herbivores with bright colors. Plants have a symbiotic relationship with herbivores, which is not the case for mushrooms. Mushrooms are typically more toxic than plants, so there is no need for them to develop warning colors. Most of a fungus's body is the mycelium which exists underground, hence consumption of the above-ground mushroom cap represents a comparatively smaller fitness cost than for plants, whose vital photosynthetic structures can be consumed by herbivores.arrow_forward