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| Background: | In the disastrous War of the Triple Alliance (1865-70) – between Paraguay and Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay – Paraguay lost two-thirds of all adult males and much of its territory. It stagnated economically for the next half century. In the Chaco War of 1932-35, large, economically important areas were won from Bolivia. The 35-year military dictatorship of Alfredo STROESSNER was overthrown in 1989, and, despite a marked increase in political infighting in recent years, relatively free and regular presidential elections have been held since then. |
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| Geography |
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| Location: | Central South America, northeast of Argentina |
| Geographic coordinates: | 23 00 S, 58 00 W |
| Map references: | South America |
| Area: | total: 406,750 sq km
land: 397,300 sq km
water: 9,450 sq km |
| Area—comparative: | slightly smaller than California |
| Land boundaries: | total: 3,995 km
border countries: Argentina 1,880 km, Bolivia 750 km, Brazil 1,365 km |
| Coastline: | 0 km (landlocked) |
| Maritime claims: | none (landlocked) |
| Climate: | subtropical to temperate; substantial rainfall in the eastern portions, becoming semiarid in the far west |
| Terrain: | grassy plains and wooded hills east of Rio Paraguay; Gran Chaco region west of Rio Paraguay mostly low, marshy plain near the river, and dry forest and thorny scrub elsewhere |
| Elevation extremes: | lowest point: junction of Rio Paraguay and Rio Parana 46 m
highest point: Cerro Pero (Cerro Tres Kandu) 842 m |
| Natural resources: | hydropower, timber, iron ore, manganese, limestone |
| Land use: | arable land: 7.47%
permanent crops: 0.24%
other: 92.29% (2005) |
| Irrigated land: | 670 sq km (2003) |
| Total renewable water resources: | 336 cu km (2000) |
| Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural): | total: 0.49 cu km/yr (20%/8%/71%)
per capita: 80 cu m/yr (2000) |
| Natural hazards: | local flooding in southeast (early September to June); poorly drained plains may become boggy (early October to June) |
| Environment—current issues: | deforestation; water pollution; inadequate means for waste disposal pose health risks for many urban residents; loss of wetlands |
| Environment—international agreements: | party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements |
| Geography—note: | landlocked; lies between Argentina, Bolivia, and Brazil; population concentrated in southern part of country |
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| People |
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| Population: | 6,669,086 (July 2007 est.) |
| Age structure: | 0-14 years: 37.2% (male 1,262,408/female 1,220,809)
15-64 years: 57.7% (male 1,933,559/female 1,915,033)
65 years and over: 5.1% (male 155,660/female 181,617) (2007 est.) |
| Median age: | total: 21.6 years
male: 21.3 years
female: 21.8 years (2007 est.) |
| Population growth rate: | 2.416% (2007 est.) |
| Birth rate: | 28.77 births/1,000 population (2007 est.) |
| Death rate: | 4.54 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.) |
| Net migration rate: | -0.08 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.) |
| Sex ratio: | at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.034 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.857 male(s)/female
total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2007 est.) |
| Infant mortality rate: | total: 26.45 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 30.73 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 21.96 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.) |
| Life expectancy at birth: | total population: 75.34 years
male: 72.78 years
female: 78.02 years (2007 est.) |
| Total fertility rate: | 3.84 children born/woman (2007 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS—adult prevalence rate: | 0.5% (2003 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS—people living with HIV/AIDS: | 15,000 (1999 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS—deaths: | 600 (2003 est.) |
| Major infectious diseases: | degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: dengue fever and malaria (2008) |
| Nationality: | noun: Paraguayan(s)
adjective: Paraguayan |
| Ethnic groups: | mestizo (mixed Spanish and Amerindian) 95%, other 5% |
| Religions: | Roman Catholic 89.6%, Protestant 6.2%, other Christian 1.1%, other or unspecified 1.9%, none 1.1% (2002 census) |
| Languages: | Spanish (official), Guarani (official) |
| Literacy: | definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 94%
male: 94.9%
female: 93% (2003 est.) |
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| Government |
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| Country name: | conventional long form: Republic of Paraguay
conventional short form: Paraguay
local long form: Republica del Paraguay
local short form: Paraguay |
| Government type: | constitutional republic |
| Capital: | name: Asuncion
geographic coordinates: 25 16 S, 57 40 W
time difference: UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) |
| Administrative divisions: | 17 departments (departamentos, singular – departamento) and 1 capital city*; Alto Paraguay, Alto Parana, Amambay, Asuncion*, Boqueron, Caaguazu, Caazapa, Canindeyu, Central, Concepcion, Cordillera, Guaira, Itapua, Misiones, Neembucu, Paraguari, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro |
| Independence: | 14 May 1811 (from Spain) |
| National holiday: | Independence Day, 14 May 1811 (observed 15 May) |
| Constitution: | promulgated 20 June 1992 |
| Legal system: | based on Argentine codes, Roman law, and French codes; judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court of Justice; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction |
| Suffrage: | 18 years of age; universal and compulsory up to age 75 |
| Executive branch: | chief of state: President Nicanor DUARTE FRUTOS (since 15 August 2003); Vice President Francisco OVIEDO Britez (since 21 November 2007); note – the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Nicanor DUARTE FRUTOS (since 15 August 2003); Vice President Francisco OVIEDO Britez (since 21 November 2007)
cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the president
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for a single five-year term; election last held 27 April 2003 (next to be held in April 2008)
election results: Nicanor DUARTE FRUTOS elected president; percent of vote – Nicanor DUARTE FRUTOS 37.1%, Julio Cesar Ramon FRANCO Gomez 23.9%, Pedro Nicolas Maraa FADUL Niella 21.3%, Guillermo SANCHEZ Guffanti 13.5%, other 4.2% |
| Legislative branch: | bicameral Congress or Congreso consists of the Chamber of Senators or Camara de Senadores (45 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) and the Chamber of Deputies or Camara de Diputados (80 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: Chamber of Senators – last held 27 April 2003 (next to be held in April 2008); Chamber of Deputies – last held 27 April 2003 (next to be held in April 2008)
election results: Chamber of Senators – percent of vote by party – NA; seats by party – ANR 16, PLRA 12, UNACE 7, PQ 7, PPS 2, PEN 1; Chamber of Deputies – percent of vote by party – NA; seats by party – ANR 37, PLRA 21, UNACE 10, PQ 10, PPS 2 |
| Judicial branch: | Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (judges appointed on the proposal of the Council of Magistrates or Consejo de la Magistratura) |
| Political parties and leaders: | Asociacion Nacional Republicana – Colorado Party or ANR [Jose A. ALDERETE]; Movimiento Union Nacional de Ciudadanos Eticos or UNACE [Enrique GONZALEZ Quintana]; Patria Querida (Beloved Fatherland Party) or PQ [Pedro Nicolas Maraa FADUL Niella]; Partido Encuentro Nacional or PEN [Luis TORALES Kennedy]; Partido Liberal Radical Autentico or PLRA [Blas LLANO]; Partido Pais Solidario or PPS [Carlos Alberto FILIZZOLA Pallares]
note: Nicanor DUARTE FRUTOS on leave as party leader of the Colorado Party or ANR while serving as President of Paraguay |
| Political pressure groups and leaders: | Ahorristas Estafados or AE; National Coordinating Board of Campesino Organizations or MCNOC [Luis AGUAYO]; National Federation of Campesinos or FNC [Odilon ESPINOLA]; National Workers Central or CNT [Secretary General Juan TORRALES]; Paraguayan Workers Confederation or CPT; Roman Catholic Church; Unitary Workers Central or CUT [Jorge Guzman ALVARENGA Malgarejo] |
| International organization participation: | CAN (associate), CSN, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC, LAES, LAIA, Mercosur, MIGA, NAM (observer), OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNMEE, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO |
| Diplomatic representation in the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador James SPALDING Hellmers
chancery: 2400 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 483-6960 through 6962
FAX: [1] (202) 234-4508
consulate(s) general: Kansas City, Los Angeles, Miami, New York |
| Diplomatic representation from the US: | Ambassador James C. CASON
embassy: 1776 Avenida Mariscal Lopez, Casilla Postal 402, Asuncion
mailing address: Unit 4711, APO AA 34036-0001
telephone: [595] (21) 213-715
FAX: [595] (21) 213-728 |
| Flag description: | three equal, horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue with an emblem centered in the white band; unusual flag in that the emblem is different on each side; the obverse (hoist side at the left) bears the national coat of arms (a yellow five-pointed star within a green wreath capped by the words REPUBLICA DEL PARAGUAY, all within two circles); the reverse (hoist side at the right) bears the seal of the treasury (a yellow lion below a red Cap of Liberty and the words Paz y Justicia (Peace and Justice) capped by the words REPUBLICA DEL PARAGUAY, all within two circles) |
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| Economy |
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| Economy—overview: | Landlocked Paraguay has a market economy marked by a large informal sector. This sector features both reexport of imported consumer goods to neighboring countries, as well as the activities of thousands of microenterprises and urban street vendors. Because of the importance of the informal sector, accurate economic measures are difficult to obtain. A large percentage of the population, especially in rural areas, derives its living from agricultural activity, often on a subsistence basis. On a per capita basis, real income has stagnated at 1980 levels. Most observers attribute Paraguay’s poor economic performance to political uncertainty, corruption, limited progress on structural reform, and deficient infrastructure. The economy rebounded between 2003 and 2007, posting modest growth each year. Growing world demand for commodities combined with high prices and favorable weather to support Paraguay’s commodity-based export expansion. |
| GDP (purchasing power parity): | $26.55 billion (2007 est.) |
| GDP (official exchange rate): | $9.34 billion (2007) |
| GDP—real growth rate: | 4.5% (2007) |
| GDP—per capita (PPP): | $4,000 (2007 est.) |
| GDP—composition by sector: | agriculture: 21.9%
industry: 18.7%
services: 59.4% (2007 est.) |
| Labor force: | 2.735 million (2007) |
| Labor force—by occupation: | agriculture: 31%
industry: 17%
services: 52% (2007) |
| Unemployment rate: | 11.4% (2007 est.) |
| Population below poverty line: | 32% (2005 est.) |
| Household income or consumption by percentage share: | lowest 10%: 0.7%
highest 10%: 46.1% (2003) |
| Distribution of family income—Gini index: | 56.8 (2008) |
| Inflation rate (consumer prices): | 6% (2007) |
| Investment (gross fixed): | 19.8% of GDP (2007 est.) |
| Budget: | revenues: $2.268 billion
expenditures: $2.469 billion (2007) |
| Public debt: | 27.1% of GDP (2007) |
| Agriculture—products: | cotton, sugarcane, soybeans, corn, wheat, tobacco, cassava (tapioca), fruits, vegetables; beef, pork, eggs, milk; timber |
| Industries: | sugar, cement, textiles, beverages, wood products, steel, metallurgic, electric power |
| Industrial production growth rate: | 1.9% (2007) |
| Electricity—production: | 70 billion kWh (2007) |
| Electricity—consumption: | 6 billion kWh (2007) |
| Electricity—exports: | 64 billion kWh (2007) |
| Electricity—imports: | 0 kWh (2007) |
| Oil—production: | 0 bbl/day (2007 est.) |
| Oil—consumption: | 28,000 bbl/day (2007 est.) |
| Oil—exports: | 0 bbl/day (2007) |
| Oil—imports: | 25,940 bbl/day (2007) |
| Oil—proved reserves: | 0 bbl (1 January 2006 est.) |
| Natural gas—production: | 0 cu m (2007 est.) |
| Natural gas—consumption: | 0 cu m (2007 est.) |
| Natural gas—exports: | 0 cu m (2007 est.) |
| Natural gas—imports: | 0 cu m (2007) |
| Natural gas—proved reserves: | 0 cu m (1 January 2007 est.) |
| Current account balance: | $-73 million (2007) |
| Exports: | $6.898 billion f.o.b. (2007) |
| Exports—commodities: | soybeans, feed, cotton, meat, edible oils, electricity, wood, leather |
| Exports—partners: | Uruguay 22%, Brazil 17.2%, Russia 11.9%, Argentina 8.8%, Chile 6.9% (2006) |
| Imports: | $7.012 billion f.o.b. (2007) |
| Imports—commodities: | road vehicles, consumer goods, tobacco, petroleum products, electrical machinery, tractors, chemicals, vehicle parts |
| Imports—partners: | China 27%, Brazil 20%, Argentina 13.6%, Japan 8.3%, US 6.4% (2006) |
| Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: | $2.463 billion (31 December 2007) |
| Debt—external: | $3.632 billion (31 December 2007 est.) |
| Stock of direct foreign investment—at home: | $2.057 million $NA |
| Stock of direct foreign investment—abroad: | $NA |
| Market value of publicly traded shares: | $233.8 million (2005) |
| Economic aid—recipient: | $51.09 million (2005) |
| Currency (code): | guarani (PYG) |
| Exchange rates: | guarani per US dollar – 5,031 (2007), 5,672.8 (2006), 6,178 (2005), 5,974.6 (2004), 6,424.3 (2003) |
| Fiscal year: | calendar year |
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| Communications |
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| Telephones—main lines in use: | 331,100 (2006) |
| Telephones—mobile cellular: | 3.233 million (2006) |
| Telephone system: | general assessment: meager telephone service; principal switching center is in Asuncion
domestic: the fixed-line market is a state monopoly; deficiencies in provision of fixed-line service has resulted in a rapid expansion of mobile-cellular services fostered by competition among multiple providers
international: country code – 595; satellite earth station – 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) |
| Radio broadcast stations: | AM 41, FM 121, shortwave 6 (3 inactive) (2006) |
| Television broadcast stations: | 5 (2007) |
| Internet country code: | .py |
| Internet hosts: | 12,497 (2007) |
| Internet users: | 260,000 (2006) |
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| Transportation |
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| Airports: | 838 (2007) |
| Airports—with paved runways: | total: 13
over 3,047 m: 3
1,524 to 2,437 m: 5
914 to 1,523 m: 5 (2007) |
| Airports—with unpaved runways: | total: 825
1,524 to 2,437 m: 26
914 to 1,523 m: 267
under 914 m: 532 (2007) |
| Railways: | total: 36 km
standard gauge: 36 km 1.435-m gauge (2006) |
| Roadways: | total: 29,500 km
paved: 14,986 km
unpaved: 14,514 km (1999) |
| Waterways: | 3,100 km (2007) |
| Merchant marine: | total: 22 ships (1000 GRT or over) 39,693 GRT/43,530 DWT
by type: cargo 16, container 1, livestock carrier 1, passenger 1, petroleum tanker 2, roll on/roll off 1
foreign-owned: 5 (Argentina 3, Netherlands 1, Switzerland 1) (2007) |
| Ports and terminals: | Asuncion, Villeta, San Antonio, Encarnacion |
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| Military |
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| Military branches: | Army, National Navy (Armada Nacional, includes Naval Aviation, Marine Corps, General Naval Prefecture), Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Paraguay, FAP) (2006) |
| Military service age and obligation: | 18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; conscript service obligation – 12 months for Army, 24 months for Navy (2006) |
| Manpower available for military service: | males age 18-49: 1,345,022
females age 18-49: 1,342,725 (2005 est.) |
| Manpower fit for military service: | males age 18-49: 1,109,166
females age 18-49: 1,135,046 (2005 est.) |
| Manpower reaching military service age annually: | males age 18-49: 63,058
females age 18-49: 62,217 (2005 est.) |
| Military expenditures—percent of GDP: | 1% (2006 est.) |
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| Transnational Issues |
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| Disputes—international: | unruly region at convergence of Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay borders is locus of money laundering, smuggling, arms and illegal narcotics trafficking, and fundraising for extremist organizations |
| Illicit drugs: | major illicit producer of cannabis, most or all of which is consumed in Brazil, Argentina, and Chile; transshipment country for Andean cocaine headed for Brazil, other Southern Cone markets, and Europe; corruption and some money-laundering activity, especially in the Tri-Border Area; weak anti-money-laundering laws and enforcement |
