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| Background: | Upon independence in 1960, the former French region of Middle Congo became the Republic of the Congo. A quarter century of experimentation with Marxism was abandoned in 1990 and a democratically elected government took office in 1992. A brief civil war in 1997 restored former Marxist President Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO, and ushered in a period of ethnic and political unrest. Southern-based rebel groups agreed to a final peace accord in March 2003, but the calm is tenuous and refugees continue to present a humanitarian crisis. The Republic of Congo was once one of Africa’s largest petroleum producers, but with declining production it will need to hope for new offshore oil finds to sustain its oil earnings over the long term. |
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| Geography |
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| Location: | Western Africa, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean, between Angola and Gabon |
| Geographic coordinates: | 1 00 S, 15 00 E |
| Map references: | Africa |
| Area: | total: 342,000 sq km
land: 341,500 sq km
water: 500 sq km |
| Area—comparative: | slightly smaller than Montana |
| Land boundaries: | total: 5,504 km
border countries: Angola 201 km, Cameroon 523 km, Central African Republic 467 km, Democratic Republic of the Congo 2,410 km, Gabon 1,903 km |
| Coastline: | 169 km |
| Maritime claims: | territorial sea: 200 nm |
| Climate: | tropical; rainy season (March to June); dry season (June to October); persistent high temperatures and humidity; particularly enervating climate astride the Equator |
| Terrain: | coastal plain, southern basin, central plateau, northern basin |
| Elevation extremes: | lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mount Berongou 903 m |
| Natural resources: | petroleum, timber, potash, lead, zinc, uranium, copper, phosphates, gold, magnesium, natural gas, hydropower |
| Land use: | arable land: 1.45%
permanent crops: 0.15%
other: 98.4% (2005) |
| Irrigated land: | 20 sq km (2003) |
| Total renewable water resources: | 832 cu km (1987) |
| Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural): | total: 0.03 cu km/yr (59%/29%/12%)
per capita: 8 cu m/yr (2000) |
| Natural hazards: | seasonal flooding |
| Environment—current issues: | air pollution from vehicle emissions; water pollution from the dumping of raw sewage; tap water is not potable; deforestation |
| Environment—international agreements: | party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea |
| Geography—note: | about 70% of the population lives in Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire, or along the railroad between them |
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| People |
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| Population: | 3,800,610
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2007 est.) |
| Age structure: | 0-14 years: 46.3% (male 885,039/female 873,753)
15-64 years: 50.8% (male 958,992/female 973,445)
65 years and over: 2.9% (male 44,994/female 64,387) (2007 est.) |
| Median age: | total: 16.7 years
male: 16.4 years
female: 17 years (2007 est.) |
| Population growth rate: | 2.639% (2007 est.) |
| Birth rate: | 42.16 births/1,000 population (2007 est.) |
| Death rate: | 12.59 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.) |
| Net migration rate: | -3.17 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.) |
| Sex ratio: | at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.013 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.985 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.699 male(s)/female
total population: 0.988 male(s)/female (2007 est.) |
| Infant mortality rate: | total: 83.26 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 88.93 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 77.42 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.) |
| Life expectancy at birth: | total population: 53.29 years
male: 52.1 years
female: 54.52 years (2007 est.) |
| Total fertility rate: | 5.99 children born/woman (2007 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS—adult prevalence rate: | 4.9% (2003 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS—people living with HIV/AIDS: | 90,000 (2003 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS—deaths: | 9,700 (2003 est.) |
| Major infectious diseases: | degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria and African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)
animal contact disease: rabies (2008) |
| Nationality: | noun: Congolese (singular and plural)
adjective: Congolese or Congo |
| Ethnic groups: | Kongo 48%, Sangha 20%, M’Bochi 12%, Teke 17%, Europeans and other 3% |
| Religions: | Christian 50%, animist 48%, Muslim 2% |
| Languages: | French (official), Lingala and Monokutuba (lingua franca trade languages), many local languages and dialects (of which Kikongo is the most widespread) |
| Literacy: | definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 83.8%
male: 89.6%
female: 78.4% (2003 est.) |
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| Government |
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| Country name: | conventional long form: Republic of the Congo
conventional short form: Congo (Brazzaville)
local long form: Republique du Congo
local short form: none
former: Middle Congo, Congo/Brazzaville, Congo |
| Government type: | republic |
| Capital: | name: Brazzaville
geographic coordinates: 4 15 S, 15 17 E
time difference: UTC+1 (six hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) |
| Administrative divisions: | 10 regions (regions, singular – region) and 1 commune*; Bouenza, Brazzaville*, Cuvette, Cuvette-Ouest, Kouilou, Lekoumou, Likouala, Niari, Plateaux, Pool, Sangha |
| Independence: | 15 August 1960 (from France) |
| National holiday: | Independence Day, 15 August (1960) |
| Constitution: | approved by referendum 20 January 2002 |
| Legal system: | based on French civil law system and customary law |
| Suffrage: | 18 years of age; universal |
| Executive branch: | chief of state: President Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO (since 25 October 1997, following the civil war in which he toppled elected president Pascal LISSOUBA);
head of government: Prime Minister Isidore MVOUBA (since 7 January 2005)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held 10 March 2002 (next to be held in 2009)
election results: Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO reelected president; percent of vote – Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO 89.4%, Joseph Kignoumbi Kia MBOUNGOU 2.7% |
| Legislative branch: | bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (66 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) and the National Assembly (137 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: Senate – last held 11 July 2002 (next to be held in 2008); National Assembly – last held 24 June and 5 August 2007 (next to be held in 2012)
election results: Senate – percent of vote by party – NA; seats by party – FDP 56, other 10; National Assembly – percent of vote by party – NA; seats by party – PCT 46, MCDDI 11, UPADS 11, MAR 5, MSD 5, independents 37, other 22 |
| Judicial branch: | Supreme Court or Cour Supreme |
| Political parties and leaders: | Action Movement for Renewal or MAR; Congolese Movement for Democracy and Integral Development or MCDDI [Michel MAMPOUYA]; Congolese Labour Party or PCT; Movement for Solidarity and Development or MSD; Pan-African Union for Social Development or UPADS [Martin MBERI]; Rally for Democracy and Social Progress or RDPS [Jean-Pierre Thystere TCHICAYA, president]; Rally for Democracy and the Republic or RDR [Raymond Damasge NGOLLO]; Union for Democracy and Republic or UDR; Union of Democratic Forces or UFD [Sebastian EBAO]; many less important parties |
| Political pressure groups and leaders: | Congolese Trade Union Congress or CSC; General Union of Congolese Pupils and Students or UGEEC; Revolutionary Union of Congolese Women or URFC; Union of Congolese Socialist Youth or UJSC |
| International organization participation: | ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, BDEAC, CEMAC, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NAM, OIF, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO |
| Diplomatic representation in the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador Serge MOMBOULI
chancery: 4891 Colorado Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20011
telephone: [1] (202) 726-5500
FAX: [1] (202) 726-1860 |
| Diplomatic representation from the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador Robert WEISBERG
embassy: BDEAC Building, 4th Floor, Brazzaville
mailing address: NA
telephone: [242] 81-1480
FAX:: [243] 81-5324 |
| Flag description: | divided diagonally from the lower hoist side by a yellow band; the upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the lower triangle is red
note: uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia |
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| Economy |
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| Economy—overview: | The economy is a mixture of subsistance agriculture, an industrial sector based largely on oil, and support services, and a government characterized by budget problems and overstaffing. Oil has supplanted forestry as the mainstay of the economy, providing a major share of government revenues and exports. In the early 1980s, rapidly rising oil revenues enabled the government to finance large-scale development projects with GDP growth averaging 5% annually, one of the highest rates in Africa. The government has mortgaged a substantial portion of its oil earnings through oil-backed loans that have contributed to a growing debt burden and chronic revenue shortfalls. Economic reform efforts have been undertaken with the support of international organizations, notably the World Bank and the IMF. However, the reform program came to a halt in June 1997 when civil war erupted. Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO, who returned to power when the war ended in October 1997, publicly expressed interest in moving forward on economic reforms and privatization and in renewing cooperation with international financial institutions. Economic progress was badly hurt by slumping oil prices and the resumption of armed conflict in December 1998, which worsened the republic’s budget deficit. The current administration presides over an uneasy internal peace and faces difficult economic challenges of stimulating recovery and reducing poverty. Recovery of oil prices has boosted the economy’s GDP and near-term prospects. In March 2006, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) approved Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) treatment for Congo. |
| GDP (purchasing power parity): | $13.97 billion (2007 est.) |
| GDP (official exchange rate): | $6.848 billion (2007 est.) |
| GDP—real growth rate: | 2.8% (2007 est.) |
| GDP—per capita (PPP): | $3,700 (2007 est.) |
| GDP—composition by sector: | agriculture: 5.6%
industry: 57.1%
services: 37.3% (2006 est.) |
| Labor force: | NA |
| Unemployment rate: | NA% |
| Population below poverty line: | NA% |
| Household income or consumption by percentage share: | lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA% |
| Inflation rate (consumer prices): | 7% (2007 est.) |
| Investment (gross fixed): | 31.5% of GDP (2007 est.) |
| Budget: | revenues: $3.639 billion
expenditures: $2.104 billion (2007 est.) |
| Agriculture—products: | cassava (tapioca), sugar, rice, corn, peanuts, vegetables, coffee, cocoa; forest products |
| Industries: | petroleum extraction, cement, lumber, brewing, sugar, palm oil, soap, flour, cigarettes |
| Industrial production growth rate: | -1% (2007 est.) |
| Electricity—production: | 7.341 billion kWh (2005) |
| Electricity—consumption: | 5.272 billion kWh (2005) |
| Electricity—exports: | 1.8 billion kWh (2005) |
| Electricity—imports: | 6 million kWh (2005) |
| Oil—production: | 19,750 bbl/day (2005 est.) |
| Oil—consumption: | 11,000 bbl/day (2005 est.) |
| Oil—exports: | 20,750 bbl/day (2004) |
| Oil—imports: | 11,410 bbl/day (2004) |
| Oil—proved reserves: | 187 million bbl (1 January 2006 est.) |
| Natural gas—production: | 115.1 million cu m (2005 est.) |
| Natural gas—consumption: | 115.1 million cu m (2005 est.) |
| Natural gas—exports: | 0 cu m (2005 est.) |
| Natural gas—imports: | 0 cu m (2005) |
| Natural gas—proved reserves: | 86.9 billion cu m (1 January 2006 est.) |
| Current account balance: | $1.094 billion (2007 est.) |
| Exports: | $6.455 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.) |
| Exports—commodities: | petroleum, lumber, plywood, sugar, cocoa, coffee, diamonds |
| Exports—partners: | US 35.9%, China 31.4%, Taiwan 9.9%, South Korea 8% (2006) |
| Imports: | $1.724 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.) |
| Imports—commodities: | capital equipment, construction materials, foodstuffs |
| Imports—partners: | France 23.5%, China 13.2%, US 7.6%, India 7%, Italy 5.6%, Belgium 5.3% (2006) |
| Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: | $2.242 billion (31 December 2007 est.) |
| Debt—external: | $5 billion (2000 est.) |
| Market value of publicly traded shares: | $NA |
| Economic aid—recipient: | $1.449 billion (2005) |
| Currency (code): | Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note – responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States |
| Exchange rates: | Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar – 483.6 (2007), 522.59 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003) |
| Fiscal year: | calendar year |
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| Communications |
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| Telephones—main lines in use: | 15,900 (2005) |
| Telephones—mobile cellular: | 490,000 (2005) |
| Telephone system: | general assessment: services barely adequate for government use; key exchanges are in Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire, and Loubomo; intercity lines frequently out of order; fixed-line infrastructure inadequate providing less than 1 connection per 100 persons; mobile-cellular subscribership has surged reaching 16 per 100 persons
domestic: primary network consists of microwave radio relay and coaxial cable
international: country code – 242; satellite earth station – 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) |
| Radio broadcast stations: | AM 1, FM 5, shortwave 3 (2001) |
| Television broadcast stations: | 1 (2001) |
| Internet country code: | .cg |
| Internet hosts: | 3 (2007) |
| Internet users: | 70,000 (2006) |
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| Transportation |
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| Airports: | 31 (2007) |
| Airports—with paved runways: | total: 5
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 (2007) |
| Airports—with unpaved runways: | total: 26
1,524 to 2,437 m: 7
914 to 1,523 m: 10
under 914 m: 9 (2007) |
| Pipelines: | gas 89 km; liquid petroleum gas 4 km; oil 758 km (2007) |
| Railways: | total: 894 km
narrow gauge: 894 km 1.067-m gauge (2006) |
| Roadways: | total: 17,289 km
paved: 864 km
unpaved: 16,425 km (2004) |
| Waterways: | 1,125 km (commercially navigable on Congo and Oubanqui rivers) (2006) |
| Merchant marine: | registered in other countries: 1 (Congo, Democratic Republic of the 1) (2007) |
| Ports and terminals: | Brazzaville, Djeno, Impfondo, Ouesso, Oyo, Pointe-Noire |
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| Military |
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| Military branches: | Congolese Armed Forces (Forces Armees Congolaises, FAC): Army, Navy, Congolese Air Force (Armee de l’Air Congolaise), Gendarmerie, Special Presidential Security Guard (GSSP) (2008) |
| Military service age and obligation: | 18 years of age for voluntary military service; women allowed to serve (2007) |
| Manpower available for military service: | males age 18-49: 688,628
females age 18-49: 685,388 (2005 est.) |
| Manpower fit for military service: | males age 18-49: 406,016
females age 18-49: 394,745 (2005 est.) |
| Manpower reaching military service age annually: | males age 18-49: 38,464
females age 18-49: 38,082 (2005 est.) |
| Military expenditures—percent of GDP: | 3.1% (2006) |
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| Transnational Issues |
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| Disputes—international: | Congo hosts about 63,000 refugees from neighboring states, primarily from the Pool border area of the Democratic Republic of the Congo; the location of the boundary in the broad Congo River with the Democratic Republic of the Congo is indefinite except in the Pool Malebo/Stanley Pool area |
| Refugees and internally displaced persons: | refugees (country of origin): 56,380 (Democratic Republic of Congo), 6,478 (Rwanda)
IDPs: 48,000 (multiple civil wars since 1992; most IDPs are ethnic Lari) (2006) |
