For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance. Concept Introduction: Electronic effect: Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base. Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 7.9, Problem 13P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

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For each of the following substituents, indicate whether it withdraws electrons inductively, donates electrons by hyperconjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance, or donates electrons by resonance. (Effects should be compared with that of a hydrogen; remember that many substituents can be characterized in more than one way.) a. Br b CH2CH3 c. C=OCH3 d. NHCH3 e. OCH3 f. +N(CH3)3

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 7.9, Problem 13P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

Expert Solution & Answer

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 7.9, Problem 13P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 7.9, Problem 13P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

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Answer 5

Chapter 7.9, Problem 13P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

Answer 6

Chapter 7.9, Problem 13P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

Answer 7

Chapter 7.9, Problem 13P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

Answer 12

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

Answer 13

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

Answer 14

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

Answer 15

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

Answer 16

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

Answer 17

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

Answer 18

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 19

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 20

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Answer 21

Ch. 7.4 - Prob. 1P Ch. 7.5 - Prob. 3P Ch. 7.6 - a. Predict the relative bond lengths of the three...Ch. 7.6 - Prob. 5P Ch. 7.6 - Prob. 6P Ch. 7.7 - Prob. 7P Ch. 7.7 - Prob. 8P Ch. 7.7 - Prob. 9P Ch. 7.7 - Prob. 10P Ch. 7.8 - Which member of each pair is the stronger acid? a....

Solution Summary: The author explains that electron donating groups decrease acidity by inductive effect, while ethyl substituents donate electron by hyper conjugation.

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Chapter 7 Solutions