Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781305389892
Author: Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 7, Problem 14TYK
Apply Evolutionary Thinking Which of the two phosphorylation mechanisms, oxidative phosphorylation or substrate-level phosphorylation, is likely to have appeared first in evolution? Why?
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Why is the amount of ATP produced in cells that can undergo oxidative phosphorylation much greater than those that undergo substrate level phosphorylation only?
Which of the following statements is a lie?
Select one:
a.The transfer of energy in living systems use electrons to allow the cell to transfer energy in large amounts.
b.Electrons play an important role in redox reactions. This is true because it is the electrons that undergo the redox reactions in living systems.
c.For nicotinamide adenine (NAD), its oxidized form is NAD+ while its reduced form is NADH. This is true because NAD+ can accept electrons from an organic molecule.
The researchers did not study the effects of NADH, ADP and ATP on the enzyme. Given what you know of their roles in GAPDH, classify each as an activator or an inhibitor of the enzyme. What overall consideration having to do with how glycolysis is regulated allowed you to make these inferences, without having any data? Would ADP, a reactant of the phosphorylating pathway, tend to inhibit the competing non-phosphorylating pathway in order to get more ATP made? And the opposite for ATP whose presence indicates that pathway may not be needed any more?
Chapter 7 Solutions
Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 7.1 - Prob. 1SBCh. 7.1 - Distinguish between cellular respiration and...Ch. 7.2 - Prob. 1SBCh. 7.2 - What is the redox reaction in glycolysis?Ch. 7.2 - How is ATP synthesized in glycolysis?Ch. 7.3 - Summarize the fate of pyruvate molecules produced...Ch. 7.4 - What distinguishes the four complexes of the...Ch. 7.4 - Prob. 2SBCh. 7.5 - Prob. 1SBCh. 7.5 - Prob. 2SB
Ch. 7.6 - Prob. 1SBCh. 7.6 - What are the types of molecules that are the...Ch. 7.6 - Prob. 3SBCh. 7 - What is the final acceptor for electrons in...Ch. 7 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 7 - Prob. 3TYKCh. 7 - Prob. 4TYKCh. 7 - Prob. 5TYKCh. 7 - Prob. 6TYKCh. 7 - Prob. 7TYKCh. 7 - Prob. 8TYKCh. 7 - Which of the following statements is false?...Ch. 7 - In the 1950s, a diet pill that had the effect of...Ch. 7 - Discuss Concepts Why do you think nucleic acids...Ch. 7 - A hospital patient was regularly found to be...Ch. 7 - 13. There are several ways to measure...Ch. 7 - Apply Evolutionary Thinking Which of the two...Ch. 7 - Prob. 1ITDCh. 7 - Prob. 2ITDCh. 7 - As CO2 concentrations increase in the atmosphere,...Ch. 7 - Prob. 4ITD
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- Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms carry out some form of glycolysis. How does ha fact support or not support the assertion that glycolysis is one of the oldest metabolic pathways?arrow_forwardWhich of the following is the best definition of oxidative phosphorylation? Question 4 options: A) Electrons are passed through a series of carriers to O2 B) A proton gradient allows hydrogen ions to flow back into the cells through transmembrane protein channels, releasing energy that is used to generate ATP C) ATP is directly transferred from a substrate to ADP D) Electrons are passed through a series of carriers to an organic compoundarrow_forwardWhile the conversion of glucose (Glc) to pyrucate (Pyr) is shared across all domains of life, the route to get there can differ dramatically. In some Archaea, for example, some of the key steps in glycolysis differ. One example of this is the conversion of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP) to 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG). Instead of the two-step process catalyzed by GAPDH and PGK: GAPDH GAP + Pi + NAD+ -----> BGP + NADH PGK BGP + ADP <-----> 3PG + ATP The archaeal pathway utilizes the enzyme non-phosporylating glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPN) to catalyze the metabolically irreversible step shown below: GAPN GAP + NADP+ ---> BGP + NADPH In bacteria and eukaryotes, GAPDH/PGK are not regulated via allosteric activation or inhibition. Do you imagine this is the same for GAPN? Why or why not?arrow_forward
- While the conversion of glucose (Glc) to pyrucate (Pyr) is shared across all domains of life, the route to get there can differ dramatically. In some Archaea, for example, some of the key steps in glycolysis differ. One example of this is the conversion of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP) to 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG). Instead of the two-step process catalyzed by GAPDH and PGK: GAPDH GAP + Pi + NAD+ -----> BGP + NADH PGK BGP + ADP <-----> 3PG + ATP The archaeal pathway utilizes the enzyme non-phosporylating glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPN) to catalyze the metabolically irreversible step shown below: GAPN GAP + NADP+ ---> BGP + NADPH In terms of the ΔGrxn, why is the GAPDH+PGK process reversible but the GAPN process is not?arrow_forwardIn this chapter you learned that cellular respiration is a lengthy metabolic pathway that consists of 4 distinct phases, beginning with glucose and ending with 36 ATP molecules. The diagram below illustrates how certain compounds from the breakdown of all nutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, and fats) can be converted into intermediates in głycolysis and the Kreb's Cycle and how they can enter and leave at many different stages of these pathways. Use the lettered items below to corredly identify the numbered items (106 to 115) in the diagram. Record your responses onto the Google Form. food stage 1: a. proteins breakdown of large macro- molecules to simple subunits 106 107 108 b. co2 109 110 fatty acids and glycerol с. lipids stage 2: 111 breakdown of simple subunits to acetyl CoA accompanied by production of limited ATP and NADH d. Kreb Cycle pyruvate simple sugars g. glucose 112 f. ATP 113 02 g. stage 3: complete oxida tion of acetyl COA to H0 and coz involves production of much NADH,…arrow_forwardWe are talking about driving glycolysis in reverse in biology. to do that, we need the products. one of the products is pyruvate. i am a little confused on how we go from co2 to pyruvate in the krebs cycle? my teacher said that NADH reduces CO2 to CH2O which i understand but i think it would be C2OH. can you please write co2 --> pyruvate in an flow chart form so i can see each individual step? and what is NADH + CO2 = ? thank youarrow_forward
- Processes taking place in the mitochondrion convert the chemical potential energy of NADH into the chemical potential energy of ATP. A proton concentration gradient (Δ[H+]) is part of this process. Describe exactly where this gradient is located, and how the gradient is produced. In terms of the gradient, where is the higher [H+] and where is the lower [H+]?arrow_forwardEnzyme 3 (diagram) is involved in negative feedback inhibition. It binds ATP at an inhibitory allosteric enzyme site on phosphofructokinase. What reagents does phosphofructokinase take into its active site. What are the products of the reaction that phosphofructokinase mediates. What do you think the ΔG (free energy) of this reaction is positive or negative, endothermic vs exothermic? Explain your answer above ATP is the end-product of ETC (electron transport chain), and at high concentrations of ATP, phosphofructokinase is inhibited allosterically. Please note that ATP is required in the active site. How does this mechanism act as a regulator for the entire ATP production pathway in mitochondria?arrow_forwardWhat is the difference between substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation? Please give an example of each.arrow_forward
- Consider a hypothetical metabolic pathway involving four enzymes to convert molecule A into molecule E: Enz 1 Enz 2 C Enz 3 A O2) B Which molecule is most likely to be a feedback inhibitor that, when present in high concentrations, will reduce the flow of material through the pathway? 1) A 3) C 4) D B OS) E D 6) none of these Enz4 Earrow_forwardCellular respiration is a very challenging topic to learn. Instead of asking you many detailed questions about the process, I would rather you show me that you understand the big picture. Why is it necessary for all organisms to do cellular respiration? It doesn't matter if you are a top tier consumer like you and I or a simple decomposing yeast, all organisms must do some sort of cellular respiration. You can answer this by describing the overall purpose and outcome of cellular respiration. You are not required to get into minute details. I DELLarrow_forwardWhat is the advantage of using ATP as a common energy source?Another way of asking this question is, “Why does ATP provide anadvantage over using a bunch of different food molecules?” For example,instead of just having a Na+/K+-ATPase in a cell, why not have manydifferent ion pumps, each driven by a different food molecule, like aNa+/K+-glucosase (a pump that uses glucose), a Na+/K+-sucrase (a pumpthat uses sucrose), a Na+/K+-fatty acidase (a pump that uses fatty acids),and so on?arrow_forward
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