Concept explainers
CASE STUDY| Fish tales
Aquatic vegetation overgrowth, usually controlled by dredging or herbicides, represents a significant issue in maintaining private and public waterways. In 1963, diploid grass carp were introduced in Arkansas to consume vegetation, but they reproduced prodigiously and spread to eventually become a hazard to aquatic ecosystems in 35 states. In the 1980s, many states adopted triploid grass carp as an alternative because of their high, but not absolute, sterility and their longevity of seven to ten years. Today, most states require permits for vegetation control by triploid carp, requiring their containment in the body of water to which they are introduced. Genetic modifications of organisms to achieve specific outcomes willcertainly become more common in the future and raise several interesting questions.
Taking triploid carp as an example, what controversies may emerge as similar modified species become available for widespread use?
To review:
The controversies that emerge from using modified species available for widespread use, keeping in mind the case of triploid grass carp.
Introduction:
There exist aquatic weeds which is harmful to the survival of other species. Grass carp are genetically modified so that it could wipe away the population of these weeds. These genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are made to be survived for a longer time, for about a period of five to ten years.
Explanation of Solution
Grass carp is a genetically modified fish which is used for controlling aquatic weed but there are also few controversies associated with their use-
1) Incorrect insertion of the gene of interest- During the insertion of the gene of interest, there might occur some undesirable changes in the functionality of organism as while creating triploid grass carp, they may harm aquatic vegetation without disrupting the weed population.
2) Harmful to the environment- Due to gene insertion, the modified organism may start producing toxic substances and releasing it in the environment, affecting the environment negatively. For example- some portion of weed eaten by modified grass carp may not be completely digested and excreted to further cause algal blooms.
3) Resistance by pests and weeds towards the GMOs:A prolonged use of genetically modified organisms against insects, pests or weeds, may cause the development of resistance in these organisms against the GMOs. Hence, the GMOs should be used carefully against other organisms.
4) Disruption to biodiversity and vegetation: If a wide population of a particular species is wiped out then this would disrupt the biodiversity and vegetation of that place. For example- if triploid grass carp starts eating the useful aquatic vegetation along with the weeds then this will pose a harmful impact on the aquatic environment.
5) Harmful to human health- In some cases, GMOs have shown to leave behind toxic substances which cannot be degraded when such substances contaminate a region then it may be later consumed by humans which would result in serious health problems.
Thus, it can be concluded that GMOs are effective and necessary to be used in the modern world but it also has certain drawbacks.
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Chapter 6 Solutions
Essentials of Genetics (9th Edition) - Standalone book
- 20 - A researcher crossed two plants, and informed an assistant researcher to determine the genotypes and phenotypes of the plants that were crossed by analyzing the offspring. The assistant counted 30 plants with green pods and 10 plants with yellow pods. Which of the following conclusions can accurately be made by the assistant? a) The researcher had crossed true-breeding plants of differing pod colors. b) O The researcher had crossed two heterozygous plants. C) The researcher had selfed a true-breeding plant with green pods. d) The researcher had crossed two plants with yellow pods. e) The researcher had crossed a plant with green pods to a plant with yellow pods.arrow_forwarduh ec CV + + 10.5 SC 9.1 scute bristles echinus eyes 9.2 ct + crossveinless wings Table 1: phenotype wild-type tapdance feet crossveinless wings tapdance & crossveinless cut wings 15.9 vermilion eyes V + + 66.8 Drosophila X chromosome Use the map provided above for problems 1 & 2. Problem 1: 11.2 10.9 garnet eyes M A new gene is being investigated in fruit flies. The recessive allele of this gene (t) causes the flies' feet to grow tiny tapdance shoes, while the dominant allele (t*) permits wild-type feet to develop. Preliminary studies indicate that this new gene is located on the X-chromosome. You decided to perform a two-point testcross to determine its position relative to the well-established crossveinless wings gene (cv). You cross a female heterozygous for both genes with a testcross male fly and obtain the male offspring results shown in table 1, below. Using this information, answer the following questions: # male offspring 13 405 401 11 forked bristles a) is the original…arrow_forward7-5. In corn a pair of genes determines leaf shape and another pair determines pollen shape. A ragged-leafed plant with round pollen was crossed to a ragged-leafed plant with angular-pollen, and the resultant progeny were classified as follows: Class Phenotypes 186 ragged-leaf round-pollen 11 IV 174 ragged-leaf angular-pollen 57 smooth-leaf round-pollen Total 63/480 smooth-leaf angular-pollen (a) Using alphabetical letters of your choice, designate the genes for the different leaf and pollen characters. (b) On the basis of the symbols given in (a) 1 provide genotypes two parents. (c) (forth)/(nbers) According to your hypothesis what would you have expected for each of the four classes of progeny? (d) After re viewing Chapter 8, use the chi-square method (p. 132) to test your hypothesis and indicate whether you accept or reject it.arrow_forward
- Controlling the overgrowth of invasive aquatic vegetation is asignificant problem in the waterways of most U.S. states.Originally, herbicides and dredging were used for control, butin 1963, diploid Asian carp were introduced in Alabama and Arkansas.Unfortunately, through escapes and illegal introductions, the carpspread rapidly and became serious threats to aquatic ecosystems in45 states. Beginning in 1983, many states began using triploid, sterilegrass carp as an alternative, because of their inability to reproduce,their longevity, and their voracious appetite. On the other hand, thisgenetically modified exotic species, if not used properly, can reduceor eliminate desirable plants and outcompete native fish, causing moredamage than good. The use of one exotic species to control otherexotic species has had a problematic history across the globe, generatingcontroversy and criticism. Newer methods for genetic modificationof organisms to achieve specific outcomes will certainly becomemore…arrow_forwardControlling the overgrowth of invasive aquatic vegetation is asignificant problem in the waterways of most U.S. states.Originally, herbicides and dredging were used for control, butin 1963, diploid Asian carp were introduced in Alabama and Arkansas.Unfortunately, through escapes and illegal introductions, the carpspread rapidly and became serious threats to aquatic ecosystems in45 states. Beginning in 1983, many states began using triploid, sterilegrass carp as an alternative, because of their inability to reproduce,their longevity, and their voracious appetite. On the other hand, thisgenetically modified exotic species, if not used properly, can reduceor eliminate desirable plants and outcompete native fish, causing moredamage than good. The use of one exotic species to control otherexotic species has had a problematic history across the globe, generatingcontroversy and criticism. Newer methods for genetic modificationof organisms to achieve specific outcomes will certainly becomemore…arrow_forwardChapter 10: Dihybrid Cross Worksheet In rabbits, gray hair is dominant to white hair. Also in rabbits, black eyes are dominant to red eyes. These letters represent the genotypes of the rabbits: GG = gray hair Gg = gray hair gg = white hair BB = black eyes Bb = black eyes bb = red eyes 1. What are the phenotypes (descriptions) of rabbits that have the following genotypes? Ggbb ggbb GgBb 2. A male rabbit with the genotype GGbb is crossed with a female rabbit with the genotype ggBb the square is set up below. Fill it out and determine the phenotypes and proportions in the offspring. Gb Gb How many out of 16 have gray fur and black eyes? gB How many out of 16 have gray fur and red eyes? gB How many out of 16 have white fur and black eyes? gb How many out of 16 have white fur and red eyes gb 3. A male rabbit with the genotype GgBb is crossed with a female rabbit with the genotype GgBb The square is set up below. Fill it out and determine the phenotypes and proportions of offspring GB Gb gB…arrow_forward
- 8-9. White eyes (w) is sex-linked and recessive in Drosophila. Cruved wings(cu) and black body (b) are autosomal recessive alleles on the same chromosome, separated by 20 map units. If one breeds a homozygous white, curved winged female fly to a homozygous black male fly to produce an F1, and inbreeds the F1 males and females, at what frequency is a phenotypically wild-type male expected? (note: male flies do not cross over) A. 0.25 es B.0.05 C.0.10 D. 0.20 E.0.125arrow_forwardSection I: Monohybrid Simple Mendelian Genetics The following question refer to the pedigree chart in the figure below for a family, some of whose members exhibit the dominant trait, W. Affected individuals are indicated by a dark square or circle. I III IV 1 ww 2 3 4 5 B. Ww 2 Ww B. 100% 6 2 3 1. What is the sex of the individual in II-3 AND does the person have the W trait? A. Female....yes C. Male.....yes B. Female.....no D. Male....no 8 2. What is the genotype of individual II-5 A. ww or Ww C. ww D. WW 3. What is the likelihood the progeny of IV-3 and IV-4 will have the trait? A. 0% C. 75% D. 50%arrow_forward. Genomes A, B, and C all have basic chromosomenumbers (x) of nine. These genomes were derivedoriginally from plant species that had diverged from each other sufficiently far back in the evolutionarypast that the chromosomes from one genome can nolonger pair with the chromosomes from any other genome. For plants with the following kinds of euploidchromosome complements, (i) state the number ofchromosomes in the organism; (ii) provide terms thatdescribe the individual’s genetic makeup as accurately as possible; (iii) state whether or not it is likelythat this plant will be fertile, and if so, give the number of chromosomes (n) in the gametes.a. AABBCb. BBBBc. CCCd. BBCCe. ABCf. AABBCCarrow_forward
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