Concept explainers
To review:
The processes that might contribute to the evolution of Batesian mimicry in two butterfly species and would the same processes affect both the mimic and the model similarity. Also, determine the process that contributes to the evolution of the mutualistic relationship between ants and acacia trees, and the way in which their action on the two mutualistic differ.
Introduction:
The microevolutionary processes include changes like gene flow, genetic drift, mutation, natural selection, and nonrandom mating. These phenomenons affect the relationships and interactions between the species and therefore help them to evolve. The genetic drift is drastic extinction of a species by any incident, while gene flow is a movement of a species from its native place onto another land.
Mutation refers to an occurrence of any random change into the genes of an individual. Natural selection is the selection of better species among the existing population and nonrandom mating is the mating between two organisms of the same population.
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Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
- READ THIS: Notice that natural selection does not refer to individuals changing. Kath Trequency of adaptive heritable traits in a population changes as a result of natural selection. REQUIREMENTS FOR NATURAL SELECTION TO OCCUR: 17a. Assuming that both types of pom-poms are present in the population, what do you think would happen to the pom-pom population if the black forest experienced a prolonged drought so all the trees died and the habitat became red grassland? 17b. Next, think about an alternative scenario. Suppose that natural selection over many generations had eliminated all the red pom-poms in the black forest habitat so only black pom- poms survived. After that, a prolonged drought resulted in this habitat turning into a red grassland. Would natural selection for pom-pom color occur? Why or why not? 17c. The above scenarios are showing that in order for natural selection to occur must exist within a trait.arrow_forwardOne of Darwin’s finches, the medium ground finch (Geospiza fortis), is found on the small island of Daphne Major. These finches are seedeating birds. A major drought occurred on the island in 1977. Following the drought, the average beak size of medium ground finches had increased about 3%–4%. Why might a drought lead to an evolutionary change in beak size? Propose a hypothesis and explain how you could go about testing it.arrow_forwardDiscuss how movement and migration behaviors are a result of natural selectionarrow_forward
- Topic: Galapagos Finches Darwin’s readings took him to a predictive theory of how species might change with time: what later thinkers have called microevolution. Darwin’s philosophical worldview then took him beyond his evidence to a conviction that environmental constraints could create whole new structures and organisms. Soon Darwin’s theory of macroevolution replaced the Creator with an environment that could create solely by constraint. For your thread: According to Chapter 13 section 13.1, define microevolution and macroevolution. The Galapagos islands have a great diversity of landscapes – from lush vegetation to nearly barren lava fields yet the Galapagos Finches survive on each island. How can this be explained? Using the varying bills of the Galapagos Finches in figure 13.3 and additional research, explain how microevolution is evidenced.arrow_forwardIdentify each of the following reproductive barriers as prezygotic or postzygotic. a. One lilac species lives on acidic soil, another on basic soil. b. Mallard and pintail ducks mate at different times of the year. c. Two species of leopard frogs have different mating calls. d. Hybrid offspring of two species of jimsonweed always die before reproducing. e. Pollen of one kind of pine tree cannot fertilize another kind.arrow_forwardTry to outline a scenario explaining the evolution of the three species shown in panel g. Use migration, mutation, genetic drift, selection, reproductive isolation, gene flow, extinction, and many generations in your scenario. Based on your scenario, what are the components that are necessary in a population in order for it to split or diverge into two new daughter species from a single ancestor (the parent species)?arrow_forward
- Assume that you are studying the evolution of anti-predator behavior in two species of butterfly. Both species A and species B have black and orange warning coloration on their wings that is used as a warning to predators. Which of the following studies would determine whether the warning coloration in species A and species B is a homology? An evolutionary study that determines which species produces the warning coloration at a younger age. An evolutionary study that determines if the same evolutionary forces maintain the black and orange coloration in both species. An evolutionary study that determines which predators are affected by the warning coloration. An evolutionary study that reconstructs color on the larger butterfly phylogeny to determine if the common ancestor of species A and species B also had black and orange warning coloration.arrow_forwardPesticides can be used to control a variety of pests, such as insects, weeds, rodents, bacteria, fungi, etc. Over time many pesticides have gradually lost their effectiveness because pests have developed resistance – a significant decrease in sensitivity to a pesticide, which reduces the field performance of these pesticides. 1. Why do pesticides lose their effectiveness over time? Use the theory of natural selection and evolution to explain.arrow_forwardThe biological species concept is based on the assumption that species are reproductively isolated and do not share genes. And yet a number of organisms that are considered different species hybridize (mate and exchange genes). Hybridization between different species is more common in plants than in animals. Propose some possible reasons for this difference.arrow_forward
- What makes the ecosystem of the Galapagos Island different than those found on large continentals? Upon what did Charles Darwin's original research on finches of the Galapagos Island focus? Describe the research Peter and Rosemary Grant conducted on the finches in the 1970's. Discuss the relationship between the finches' beak depth size and survival in terms of natural selection and fitness and the environmental causes that shaped the finch population of the islands.arrow_forwardDefine natural selection using the 5 points below to explain its role in understanding primate behavior. (1) there is variation among individuals; (2) some of that variation is heritable; (3) there is always competition between individuals for resources; (4) some variants outcompete other variants and leave more offspring; (5) to the extent that the parent's traits are heritable, then a larger portion of the next generation will reflect those traits.arrow_forwardIn comparative studies, it is important to be aware of relationships among species because a trait that appears in several closely related species is probably an adaptation it is not necessary to have large sample sizes if the species are closely related testing related species is more powerful than testing randomly chosen species experimental conclusions are statistically more powerful when data points are not independent of each other data points should be independent, and two related species might have derived their trait from a shared ancestor, rather than each having evolved it independentlyarrow_forward
- Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781305389892Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillanPublisher:Cengage Learning