Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
The hybridization and bond angles of carbon is bonded via four single bonds to adjacent atoms should be determined.
Concept introduction:
Carbon
Carbon has tetra valency. It is bonded with four bonds to adjacent atoms or molecules.
Single covalent bond - one pair of each electrons are shared.
Double covalent bond – two pair of electrons are shared.
Triple covalent bond – Three pairs of electron are shared.
Hybridization: The phenomenon of formation new orbitals by the mixing of atomic orbital’s with equal energy.
Sp hybridization: Mixing of one –‘s’ orbital and one ‘p’ orbital. And form new hybrid orbital. Angle is
Example -
Example – Ethylene.
Example – Ethane.
Example –
Bond angle is the angle between two bonds of a molecule and it is determined based on the electron-domain geometry.
[Bond angles: tetrahedral =
(a)
Answer to Problem 2PS
The carbon is
Explanation of Solution
Carbon is bonded via four single bonds to adjacent atoms. Carbon is bonded with four single four hydrogen atoms.
The Lewis structure as shown below.
Let’s write the carbon electronic configuration:
Here, the carbon is
(b)
Interpretation:
The hybridization and bond angle of carbon which is bonded via two single bonds and one pi bond should be determined.
Concept introduction:
Carbon atomic number 6. Electronic configuration -
Carbon has tetra valency. It is bonded with four bonds to adjacent atoms or molecules.
Single covalent bond - one pair of each electrons are shared.
Double covalent bond – two pair of electrons are shared.
Triple covalent bond – Three pairs of electron are shared.
Hybridization: The phenomenon of formation new orbitals by the mixing of atomic orbital’s with equal energy.
Sp hybridization: Mixing of one –‘s’ orbital and one ‘p’ orbital. And form new hybrid orbital. Angle is
Example -
Example – Ethylene.
Example – Ethane.
Bond angle is the angle between two bonds of a molecule and it is determined based on the electron-domain geometry.
[Bond angles: tetrahedral =
(b)
Answer to Problem 2PS
The carbon is
Explanation of Solution
Carbon is bonded via two single bonds and one pi bond.
Side overlapping of the two adjacent carbon atoms of orbitals form pi-bond.
The Lewis structure as shown below.
Let’s find the hybridization:
Here, the carbon is
(c)
Interpretation:
The hybridization and bond angles of carbon is bonded via one single bond and one triple bond should be determined.
Concept introduction:
Carbon atomic number 6. Electronic configuration -
Carbon has tetra valency. It is bonded with four bonds to adjacent atoms or molecules.
Single covalent bond - one pair of each electrons are shared.
Double covalent bond – two pair of electrons are shared.
Triple covalent bond – Three pairs of electron are shared.
Hybridization: The phenomenon of formation new orbitals by the mixing of atomic orbital’s with equal energy.
Sp hybridization: Mixing of one –‘s’ orbital and one ‘p’ orbital. And form new hybrid orbital. Angle is
Example -
Example – Ethylene.
Bond angle is the angle between two bonds of a molecule and it is determined based on the electron-domain geometry.
[Bond angles: tetrahedral =
(c)
Answer to Problem 2PS
The carbon is
Explanation of Solution
Carbon is bonded via one single bond and one triple bond. Three pairs of electron are shared by two adjacent carbon atoms.
The Lewis structure as shown below.
Let’s find the Hybridization:
Here, the carbon is
(d)
Interpretation:
The hybridization and bond angles of carbon which are bonded via two double bonds should be determined.
Concept introduction:
Carbon atomic number 6. Electronic configuration -
Carbon has tetra valency. It is bonded with four bonds to adjacent atoms or molecules.
Single covalent bond - one pair of each electrons are shared.
Double covalent bond – two pair of electrons are shared.
Triple covalent bond – Three pairs of electron are shared.
Hybridization: The phenomenon of formation new orbitals by the mixing of atomic orbital’s with equal energy.
Sp hybridization: Mixing of one –‘s’ orbital and one ‘p’ orbital. And form new hybrid orbital. Angle is
Example -
Example – Ethylene.
Example – Ethane.
Bond angle is the angle between two bonds of a molecule and it is determined based on the electron-domain geometry.
[Bond angles: tetrahedral =
(d)
Answer to Problem 2PS
Explanation of Solution
Carbon is bonded via two double bonds. The three adjacent carbon atoms orbitals overlap to form two pi bonds.
The Lewis structure as shown below.
Let’s find the hybridization:
- (a) Hybridization of the terminal carbon atoms
Here, the carbon is
- (b) Hybridization of the central carbon atom
Here, the carbon is
Therefore,
The hybridization and bond angle is
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 23 Solutions
Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity
- Indicate whether each statement is true or false. (a) Pentanehas a higher molar mass than hexane. (b) The longer the linearalkyl chain for straight-chain hydrocarbons, the higherthe boiling point. (c) The local geometry around the alkynegroup is linear. (d) Propane has two structural isomers.arrow_forwardWhat type of hybridized orbital is present on carbon atoms bonded by a double bond? How many of these hybrid orbitals are on each carbon atom?arrow_forwardWhat type of hybridized orbital is present on carbon atoms bonded by a triple bond? How many of these hybrid orbitals are on each carbon atom?arrow_forward
- What is the difference in bonding and in the general molecular formula between an alkene and an alkane with the same number of carbon atoms?arrow_forwardName or write the condensed structural formula of the compound: (a) trans-2-pentenearrow_forwardButanone is a four carbon compound with the functional group:(a) carboxylic acid(b) aldehyde(c) ketone(d) alcoholarrow_forward
- Write a complete chemical equation showing reactants, products, and catalysts needed (if any) for the following reaction and (2) Draw and name the organic compound found in every reaction.(Use condensed structural formula) (a) Complete hydrogenation of 2-Methylhexa-1,5-diene (b) Complete halogenation (Br2) of 3-Ethyl-2,2-dimethylhept-3-ene(c) Reaction of (4E)-2,4-Dimethylhexa-1,4-diene with a mole of waterarrow_forwardGive the IUPAC names of structures containing two carbon atoms for the following classes of compounds: (a) ether: (b) aldehyde: (c) carboxylic acid: (d) ester:arrow_forwardWrite a complete chemical equation showing reactants, products, and catalysts needed (if any) for the following reaction and (2) Draw and name the organic compound found in every reaction.(Use condensed structural formula) (A) Ozonolysis of 3,3-Dimethyloct-4-yne(B) Complete halogenation (Cl2) of 3-Ethyl-5-methyl-1,6,8-decatriyne(C) Partial hydrogenation using Lindlar’s Catalyst 2,2,5,5-Tetramethylhex-3-ynearrow_forward
- Draw the condensed formulas for each of the following compounds:(a) dipropyl ether(b) 2,2-dimethyl-3-hexanol(c) 2-ethoxybutanearrow_forwardIsooctane is the common name of the isomer of C8H18 used as the standard of 100 for the gasoline octane rating: (a) What is the IUPAC name for the compound?(b) Name the other isomers that contain a five-carbon chain with three methyl substituents.arrow_forwardA saturated acyclic hydrocarbon has the molecular formula of CxH₂x2. A hydrocarbon can be classified as unsaturated if it has fewer hydrogens than a saturated formula would predict. Classify the following hydrocarbon skeletal structure as saturated or unsaturated. A) saturated B) unsaturatedarrow_forward
- Chemistry: The Molecular ScienceChemistryISBN:9781285199047Author:John W. Moore, Conrad L. StanitskiPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry & Chemical ReactivityChemistryISBN:9781133949640Author:John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David TreichelPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry & Chemical ReactivityChemistryISBN:9781337399074Author:John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David TreichelPublisher:Cengage Learning
- Chemistry for Today: General, Organic, and Bioche...ChemistryISBN:9781305960060Author:Spencer L. Seager, Michael R. Slabaugh, Maren S. HansenPublisher:Cengage LearningIntroductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approa...ChemistryISBN:9781305079250Author:Mark S. Cracolice, Ed PetersPublisher:Cengage Learning