(a)
Interpretation:
The given material cobalt/tungsten carbide has to be classified as ceramic-ceramic or ceramic-metal and or ceramic polymer.
Concept introduction:
Ceramic composites:
Materials which are inorganic, non-molecular solids, crystalline (quartz) and amorphous (glass) are known as ceramics. Ceramics are brittle in nature and susceptible to break. They are hardened by combining ceramic powder before sintering with fibers such as boron and silicon carbide. The obtained hybrid materials are known as ceramic composites.
Ceramic-metal composites:
Similar to ceramic composites but in this composite fiber and matrix are made of ceramic and metal. Example: Aluminum-strengthened boron fiber.
Ceramic-polymer composites:
Similar to ceramic composites but in this composite fiber and matrix are made of ceramic and
(b)
Interpretation:
The given material silicon carbide/zirconia has to be classified as ceramic-ceramic or ceramic-metal and or ceramic polymer.
Concept introduction:
Ceramic composites:
Materials which are inorganic, non-molecular solids, crystalline (quartz) and amorphous (glass) are known as ceramics. Ceramics are brittle in nature and susceptible to break. They are hardened by combining ceramic powder before sintering with fibers such as boron and silicon carbide. The obtained hybrid materials are known as ceramic composites.
Ceramic-metal composites:
Similar to ceramic composites but in this composite fiber and matrix are made of ceramic and metal. Example: Aluminum-strengthened boron fiber.
Ceramic-polymer composites:
Similar to ceramic composites but in this composite fiber and matrix are made of ceramic and polymers. Example: carbon-epoxy.
(c)
Interpretation:
The given material boron nitride/epoxy has to be classified as ceramic-ceramic or ceramic-metal and or ceramic polymer.
Concept introduction:
Ceramic composites:
Materials which are inorganic, non-molecular solids, crystalline (quartz) and amorphous (glass) are known as ceramics. Ceramics are brittle in nature and susceptible to break. They are hardened by combining ceramic powder before sintering with fibers such as boron and silicon carbide. The obtained hybrid materials are known as ceramic composites.
Ceramic-metal composites:
Similar to ceramic composites but in this composite fiber and matrix are made of ceramic and metal. Example: Aluminum-strengthened boron fiber.
Ceramic-polymer composites:
Similar to ceramic composites but in this composite fiber and matrix are made of ceramic and polymers. Example: carbon-epoxy.
(d)
Interpretation:
The given material boron carbide/titanium has to be classified as ceramic-ceramic or ceramic-metal and or ceramic polymer.
Concept introduction:
Ceramic composites:
Materials which are inorganic, non-molecular solids, crystalline (quartz) and amorphous (glass) are known as ceramics. Ceramics are brittle in nature and susceptible to break. They are hardened by combining ceramic powder before sintering with fibers such as boron and silicon carbide. The obtained hybrid materials are known as ceramic composites.
Ceramic-metal composites:
Similar to ceramic composites but in this composite fiber and matrix are made of ceramic and metal. Example: Aluminum-strengthened boron fiber.
Ceramic-polymer composites:
Similar to ceramic composites but in this composite fiber and matrix are made of ceramic and polymers. Example: carbon-epoxy.
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Chapter 21 Solutions
General Chemistry: Atoms First
- (a) Why electrical conductivity of the semiconductor increases with increase in temperature? Illustrate and explain the above effect with hypothetical band energy diagrams, showing one at 25 °C and another at 50 °C? (b) The number average molecular weight of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is 110000 g/mol and the Polydispersity index (PDI) is 1.3. What is the weight average molecular weight and degree of polymerization of PVC? Note: Molar mass of vinyl chloride is 62.498 g/molarrow_forwardIdentify the following as either p- or n- type semiconductors.(a) germanium doped with arsenic(b) silicon doped with phosphorus(c) germanium doped with indium(d) germanium doped with antimonyarrow_forwardThe angle of diffraction of (220) set of planes for an FCC element occurs at 69.22° when monochromatic x-radiation having a wavelength of 0.1542 nm is used. (a) Calculate the atomic radius of the element; (b) Calculate the angle of diffraction from the set of planes (310).arrow_forward
- Indicate whether each statement is true or false:(a) The band gap of a semiconductor decreases as the particlesize decreases in the 1–10-nm range.(b) The light that is emitted from a semiconductor, uponexternal stimulation, becomes longer in wavelength asthe particle size of the semiconductor decreases.arrow_forwardPredict the structure of each of the following silicate minerals (network, sheets, double chains, and so forth). Give the oxidation state of each atom.(a) Apophyllite, KCa4(Si8O20)F ? 8 H2O(b) Rhodonite, CaMn4(Si5O15)(c) Margarite, CaAl2(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2arrow_forwardQuestion Seven (a) For refractory ceramic materials, cite two characteristics that improve with and two characteristics that are adversely affected by increasing porosity. (b) Show that the minimum cation-to-anion radius ratio for a coordination number of 4 is 0.225. (Hint: Use the AX crystal structure, assuming the anion spheres touch in plane). (c) The unit cell for Al>O; has hexagonal symmetry with lattice parameters a = 0.4759 nm and c 1.2 nm. If the density of this material is equal to 3.99 g/cm' and is calculated according to the formuka n'(EAc+ EA) VcNA Calculate the atormic packing factor for Al>O1, given that the ionic radius for AI is 0.053 nm and i 0' is 0.140 nm. Take N = 6.023 x 1023 atoms'mole. (d) Mention any three industrial ceramics and indicate their applications.arrow_forward
- Some oxide superconductors adopt a crystal structure similar to that of perovskite (CaTiO3). The unit cell is cubic with a Ti4+ ion in each corner, a Ca2+ ion in the body center, and O2- ions at the midpoint of each edge. (a) Is this unit cell simple, body-centered, or face-centered? (b) If the unit cell edge length is 3.84 Å, what is the density of perovskite (in g/cm3)?arrow_forwardClassify as n-type or p-type a semiconductor formed by doping (a) germanium with phosphorus, (b) germanium with indium.arrow_forwardWhich of the following alloy compositions is an interstitial alloy? (a) Fe0.97Si0.03 (b) Fe0.60Ni0.40 (c) SmCo5arrow_forward
- (a) Pure iron has a change in crystal structure from BCC to FCC when heating up above 912°C. If the atomic radius of an Fe atom is 0.124 nm, calculate the volumes of the FCC and BCC unit cells. (b)Recall that there are two atoms per BCC unit cell, and four atoms per FCC unit cell. With this information in mind, calculate the percent change in volume of a sample of pure Fe as it transforms from an FCC to a BCC structure upon cooling below 912°C. Specify if this percent change manifests as an increase or decrease in volume of the sample.arrow_forwardWhich of these statements is false?(a) As you go down column 4A in the periodic table, the elementalsolids become more electrically conducting. (b) Asyou go down column 4A in the periodic table, the band gapsof the elemental solids decrease. (c) The valence electroncount for a compound semiconductor averages out to fourper atom. (d) Band gap energies of semiconductors rangefrom ∼0.1 to 3.5 eV. (e) In general, the more polar the bondsare in compound semiconductors, the smaller the band gap.arrow_forwardDefine a semiconductor? Describe the two main types of semiconductorswhen it is doped with(a) group 13 element, (b) group 15 element.arrow_forward
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