Developmental Biology
Developmental Biology
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781605354705
Author: Scott F. Gilbert, Michael J. F. Barresi
Publisher: Sinauer Associates is an imprint of Oxford University Press
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Chapter 2, Problem 2DQ
Summary Introduction

To review:

Based upon the mechanism of opposing concentration gradients of Bicoid and Caudal determine specification of the anterior-to-posterior axis in Drosophila melanogaster, and whether same mechanism work in a fly embryo that is larger or has different proportions per body segment. Also, determine precision of actual gradient and precision to set a nucleus/cell upon a lineage-specific path of maturation.

Introduction:

Research studies revealed that the cytoplasm of egg is not uniform as compared to other eggs. It comprises of ascents of positional information determining the cell density along the egg's anterior-posterior axis. In the syncytial blastoderm, nuclei in the frontal part of the cell are open to cytoplasmic determination factors usually not found in the posterior segment of the cell. These determination factors in differing amount with the nuclei specify cell fate.

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Practice Question 8 - Below are two cell signalling pathways that work together to regulate cell growth, proliferation and ultimately the size of organs in O.Extremus. In other closely related organisms, dysfunction of these pathways has been associated with tumor growth. MTOR pathway: 1. Growth factors bind and stimulate the receptors. crosstalk Hippo Pathway 2. Receptors can activate the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) – Akt signaling pathway. MTOR Pathway 3. The activated Akt, a serine threonine kinase, inhibits theTSC1-TSC2 complex, allowing Rheb to activate mTORC1. Mst РІЗК PTEN Lats АКТ 4. In parallel, amino acids activate the mTORC1 pathway through a mechanism requiring the Rag- Ragulator complex. miR-29 YAP TSC2-TSC1 amino acids Hippo pathway: 1. The binding of the ligand activates the receptors which activate Mst and Lats. Rheb Rag-Ragulator cell division MTORC1 organ size 2. YAP activity is modulated by phosphorylation of Mst and Lats. YAP upregulates miR-29, which in…

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Developmental Biology

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