Principles of Biology
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9781259875120
Author: Robert Brooker, Eric P. Widmaier Dr., Linda Graham Dr. Ph.D., Peter Stiling Dr. Ph.D.
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 19.4, Problem 1CC
Let’s suppose the climate on an island abruptly changed such that the average temperature was 10°C higher. The climate change is permanent. How would directional selection affect the genetic diversity in a population of mice on the island (1) over the short run and (2) over the long run?
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Variation among members of a population can lead to natural selection, but only if two conditions are met: First, the trait must be relevant to an individual's survival and/or reproductive rate. Second, variation in this trait must be heritable, that is, at least partly controlled by genes. a. How might you design an experiment to determine the importance of needle length in determining survival and reproduction? b. How might you test the extent to which needle length is heritable?
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a) What is h2 and what does it measure?
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Based on (MS-LS4-4) standard(grade8) - Mathematical Representations of Natural Selection:
Most scientists think that a small group of finches colonized the Galápagos Islands thousands of years ago. They would have been the only seed-eating birds on the islands. Suppose one island was very dry and another had plentiful rainfall.
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Chapter 19 Solutions
Principles of Biology
Ch. 19.1 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 19.1 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 19.1 - The phrase an organism evolves is incorrect....Ch. 19.1 - Prob. 1BCCh. 19.2 - Explain how geography played a key role in the...Ch. 19.2 - Prob. 2CCCh. 19.2 - Prob. 3CCCh. 19.2 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 19.2 - Homologous traits show similarities because the...Ch. 19.3 - What is the frequency of pink flowers in a...
Ch. 19.3 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 19.3 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 19.4 - Lets suppose the climate on an island abruptly...Ch. 19.4 - Prob. 2CCCh. 19.4 - Prob. 3CCCh. 19.4 - Prob. 4CCCh. 19.4 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 19.4 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 19.4 - Prob. 3TYKCh. 19.5 - How does the bottleneck effect undermine the...Ch. 19.5 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 19.5 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 19.5 - Prob. 1BCCh. 19.6 - How does migration affect the genetic compositions...Ch. 19.6 - Prob. 1BCCh. 19.6 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 19.6 - Populations that experience inbreeding may also...Ch. 19 - Prob. 1TYCh. 19 - An evolutionary change in which a population of...Ch. 19 - Homology occurs because different species occupy...Ch. 19 - Prob. 4TYCh. 19 - Prob. 5TYCh. 19 - Prob. 6TYCh. 19 - Prob. 7TYCh. 19 - Prob. 8TYCh. 19 - Prob. 9TYCh. 19 - The micro-evolutionary factor most sensitive to...Ch. 19 - Prob. 1CCQCh. 19 - Prob. 2CCQCh. 19 - A principle of biology is that populations of...Ch. 19 - Prob. 1CBQCh. 19 - Prob. 2CBQ
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- Apply the VIDA table to the evolution of sickle cell disease to justify whether it is an instance of evolution by natural selection. Answer the following questions. Is there variation in this trait in the population? How exactly does it vary? Is the trait at least partly inherited? Is there selection for this trait in a particular environment? (What is the selective pressure? And how does a trait give an advantage or disadvantage in that environment?) What is the evidence that this trait makes organisms better adapted to their environment?arrow_forwardWhen we take, say, 100 individuals of a species of beetle from the wild and place them in a new environment that is not so different that they are unable to thrive but different enough so that they are experiencing a new selective regime, say, a lower temperature, what typically happens? A - Sexual selection causes some larvae to be able to survive in the cooler temperatures and other individuals to be unable to survive because they need warmer temperatures. B - We are unable to measure phenotypic selection, presumably because we do not have much variation among individuals for how they handle temperature. C - The founder event assures us that the new population will be strictly representative of the source population (especially if we took all the 100 from the same location rather that from throughout the range of the species). D - The population evolves to be tolerant of the lower temperature; it can do this because of latent variation already in the 100 founding individuals. E -…arrow_forwardNatural selection occurs only if there is both (1) variation in the genetic information between organisms in a population and (2) variation in the expression of that genetic information—that is, trait variation—that leads to differences in performance among individuals. What kind of variation might exist in bioluminescing organisms, and what differences in performance might result? (Remember, evolution is a consequence of the interaction of four factors: (1) the potential for a species to increase in number, (2) the genetic variation of individuals in a species due to mutation and sexual reproduction, (3) competition for an environment’s limited supply of the resources that individuals need in order to survive and reproduce, and (4) the ensuing proliferation of those organisms that are better able to survive and reproduce in that environment.)arrow_forward
- Cod live in both warm and very cold parts of the ocean. All cod have a gene for an antifreeze protein called Antifreeze glycoprotein (AFGP). Propose a potential change in the genome that would increase the cold adaptation for the cod that live in the Antarctic Ocean. Explain how natural selection and random genetic drift could act on this change. If you were to sample cod from many different environments what variation would you expect at the AFGP locus?arrow_forwardThe evolution of a qualitative trait in reponse to natural selection is described by the following equation, R=h2 S a) What is S and what does it measure? b) Describe a study that woukd allow you to estimate S in a real population.arrow_forwardn class we investigated the reason cystic fibrosis is maintained in the human population in higher frequency than we expected given the deleterious effects of being homozygous at the CFTR gene. We calculated the actual mutation rate of the CFTR gene to be 6.7 x 10-7. The mutation rate expected under mutation-selection balance was 4 x 10-4. What is the most plausible explanation as to why cystic fibrosis is maintained in the human population at a higher frequency than we expect? a. Negative selection against the CFTR deleterious alleles is too weak to eliminate the alleles from the human population. b. Positive selection for the CFTR deleterious alleles is likely occurring in response to some other selective pressure in the human population, possibly resistance to typhoid fever. c. The CFTR gene has an exceedingly low mutation rate causing humans to have no genetic variation at that gene. d. The CFTR gene has an exceedingly high mutation rate and that is…arrow_forward
- Natural selection and artificial selection or selective breeding can both cause changes in animals and plants. The difference between the two is that natural selection happens naturally, but selective breeding only occurs when humans intervene. Changes in genetic traits have occurred over generations through both natural selection and selective breeding although the occur through different means. What characterizes only artificial selection? Choose all that apply. A) chickens that lay larger eggs are favored B) selection increases the chances of surviving C) selection make a species stronger and fit for survival D) selection favors the desired characters in the new organismsarrow_forwardThere are five generations of complete selection against recessive individuals (a) , migration (b), and random genetic drift (c). that affect the gene (A, a) and genotypic (AA, Aa, aa) frequencies of the population. Afterward, answer the question that follows. Based on the figures, what are the effect of complete selection, migration, and random genetic drift on the gene and genotypic frequencies of the population? Describe the trend for each scenario and provide a brief explanation. a. complete selection against recessive individuals b. migration c. random genetic drift (random mating in a very small population)arrow_forwardIn the 1900s, the Florida panther population declined drastically due to hunting and habitat loss, and, by the mid-1990s, there were fewer than 30 Florida panthers left in the wild. What were the most likely consequences of this decline in population size on the frequency of genetic abnormalities, such as malformed testicles, in the remaining population? A. The frequency of genetic abnormalities decreased due to the weakest panthers being eliminated through natural selection. B. The frequency of genetic abnormalities increased due to an increased rate of migration of other panthers into the population. C. The frequency of genetic abnormalities increased due to the random loss of genetic diversity and increased inbreeding in small populations. D. The frequency of genetic abnormalities decreased because the concentration of adaptive alleles in the small population decreased as the population declined.arrow_forward
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