Concept explainers
(a)
To determine: A detailed mechanism for the
Interpretation: A detailed mechanism for the
Concept introduction: One of the most important reactions of
(b)
To determine: The reason for much faster nitration of m-xylene in comparison to p-xylene.
Interpretation: The reason for much faster nitration of m-xylene in comparison to p-xylene is to be stated.
Concept introduction: Nitrobenzene is formed when benzene reacts with hot concentrated nitric acid. This reaction is explosive as well as hazardous. A mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used to avoid such type of explosion. Sulfuric acid acts as a catalyst and allows the reaction to occur at lower temperatures as well as at high rate.
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Organic Chemistry (9th Edition)
- Decide on the mechanism for each substitution, and then pick the solvent that affords the faster reaction. a.(CH3CH2)2CClCH3 + CH3OH in CH3OH or DMSO b.CH3CH2CH2Br + −OH in H2O or c. DMF (CH3CH2)2CHCl + CH3O− in CH3OH or HMPAarrow_forwardRank the following from most reactive to least reactive in an E2 reactionarrow_forwardComplete the table below indicating what is important in each category for an E1 or E2 reaction. E1 Rate Law Best Solvent Alkene geometry outcome How does electrophile substitution affection the reaction? Does leaving group ability affect the rate? Does base strength affect the rate? Does/how does base type affect product structure? E2arrow_forward
- How does each of the tripling [RX] changes affect the rate of an E2 reaction?arrow_forwardDraw the structure (including stereochemistry) of an alkyl chloride that forms each alkene as the exclusive E2 elimination product.arrow_forward5) Consider the two E2 reactions above. Br Br NaOH DMF heat NaOH DMF heat a. What are the major products for each reaction? b. What is the mechanism for each reaction? c. Which reaction would be faster and why? Use words like "transition-state, intermediate and/or reactant/product stability" in your justification. Draw the reaction coordinate diagram for both to assist in your explanation.arrow_forward
- If the alkyl halide in each of these reactions was an alkyl chloride instead of thebromide,A. the reaction rate would decrease.B. a better leaving group would be involved. C. a polar aprotic solvent would be needed.D. ΔG would be decreased.arrow_forward9. Which SN1 reaction in each pair is faster? a) CI b) (CH3)3CCI + H2O > H2O (CH3)3CBR + H20 → CI H,O 206arrow_forwardDraw the major organic substitution product or products for (2R,3S)-2-bromo-3-methylpentane reacting with the given nucleophile. Clearly drawn the stereochemistry, including a wedged bond, a dashed bond and two in-plane bonds at each stereogenic center. Omit any byproducts. Br CH;CH20 (conc.) H.arrow_forward
- 1. A methoxy group (-OMe) on an aromatic ring is electron-withdrawing when considering inductive effects, yet the methoxy group is categorized as an electron-donating group. Why? 2. Kinetic enolates form faster than thermodynamic enolates, but they do not predominate at equilibrium. Why not? 3. Tertiary carbocations and radicals are more stable than primary carbocations and radicals. Why?arrow_forwardDraw a detailed mechanism for the FeBr3@catalyzed reaction of ethylbenzene with bromine, and show why the sigma complex (and the transition state leading to it) is lower in energy for substitution at the ortho and para positions than it is for substitution at the meta position.arrow_forwardIdentify the best conditions to complete the SN2 reaction shown below. A) CH3I, THF B) CH3CH₂I, THE C) CH3CH₂CCNa, THF D) CH3CH₂CCNA, CH3OH E) KI, THFarrow_forward
- Organic Chemistry: A Guided InquiryChemistryISBN:9780618974122Author:Andrei StraumanisPublisher:Cengage Learning