Microbiology: An Evolving Science (Fourth Edition)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9780393615098
Author: John W. Foster, Joan L. Slonczewski
Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company
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Chapter 15.1, Problem 1TQ
Summary Introduction
To review:
1. The enzymes that are used during the reverse reaction of the TCA (Tricarboxylic acid cycle) cycle and glycolysis.
2. Explain the reason behind the consumption of the same enzymes in both directions and the requirement of different enzymes in catabolic and anabolic directions.
Introduction:
The formation of complex
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Students have asked these similar questions
Which statement best describes the reason why some of the reactions of glycolysis
cannot be run in reverse in gluconeogenesis?
1)
The last reactions occur in mitochondria and reactions there can never be
reversed.
2) Glycolysis includes isomerization reactions and these can never be reversed.
3)
There are some allaşteric enzymes and allosteric enzymes can never be
reversed.
4)
Some reactions have such large negative free energy changes that they can
never be reversed under cellular conditions.
O
Draw OUT THE arrow pushing reaction mechanism for the following steps of glycolysis:
SHOW/IDENTIFY the arrow pushing mechanism in at least 2 steps.
CH,OPO
CH,OH
hexokinase
2+
H
H
H
H
H
H
ОН
+ ATP
OH
H
ADP + H+
H
ОН
+
НО
HO
OH
H
ОН
H
ОН
Glucose-6-phosphate
(G6P)
Glucose
In glycolysis, how would NADH, ADP and ATP be classified? Would they be considered inhibitors or activators? Also how would they change the binding and state of the protein and why?
Chapter 15 Solutions
Microbiology: An Evolving Science (Fourth Edition)
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Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- Consider an alternative glycolysis pathway that starts with the phosphorylation of glucose to give glucose-6-phosphate. This (hypothetical) pathway exists in a (hypothetical) organism that does not express glucose-6-phosphate isomerase. Instead, the next step of this hypothetical pathway is a Glucose-6-Phosphate Aldolase. Draw the product or products that would be obtain by the reaction of Glucose – 6 – Phosphate with Glucose – 6 Phosphate Aldolase. Assume the reaction is completely irreversible. Explain in 1-3 sentences how you obtained your answerarrow_forwardAlthough both hexokinase and phosphofructokinase catalyze irreversible steps in glycolysis and the hexokinase-catalyzed step is first, phosphofructokinase is nonetheless the pacemaker of glycolysis. What does this information tell you about the fate of the glucose 6-phosphate formed by hexokinase? Glucose 6-phosphate must be unstable and release its phosphoryl group over time. Glucose 6-phosphate must be utilized by other metabolic pathways. Glucose 6-phosphate must allosterically inhibit phosphofructokinase, but not hexokinase. Glucose 6-phosphate must be wasted when it is produced in excess.arrow_forwardWhich reactions of glycolysis can be reversed? Which are irreversible? What is the significance of the metabolically irreversible reactions?arrow_forward
- Several of the enzymes of glycolysis fall into classes that we will see often in metabolism. What reaction types are catalyzed by each of the following: Kinases Isomerases Aldolases Dehydrogenasesarrow_forwardSome anaerobic bacteria use alternative pathways for glucose catabolism that convert glucose to acetate rather than to pyruvate. Shown below is one possible metabolic pathway. The first part of this pathway (glucose to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate) is identical to the glycolytic pathway. In the second part of the alternative pathway, Enzymes 1–6 all have mechanisms/ activities analogous t enzymes in glycolysis. Note that there are two C¬C bond cleavage reactions in this new pathway: A → B + C (Enzyme 1) and C → B + D. All the steps where ATP is consumed or generated have been shown; however, the addition or loss of NAD+/NADH, Pi , H2O, or H+ has not been shown explicitly. Draw the structures for the intermediates B, F, G, H, and I, and include other reaction participants as needed.arrow_forwardThe reaction catalyzed by citrate syn- thase, shown on the right, is the first step of the TCA cycle. In glycolysis, two key reactions to produce ATP occur because an unfavorable reaction is coupled to another reaction that is thermodynamically favorable. The reaction catalyzed by citrate synthase, shown on the right, is similarly coupled to an unfavorable reac- tion in the TCA cycle. Write the unfavorable reaction using structural formulas and write the key step that drives the two coupled reactions forward. What is the overall AG'o of the coupled reactions? CH3-C >=0 + S-COA Acetyl-CoA 0-C-COO- CH₂-COO Oxaloacetate H₂O COA-SH J citrate synthase CH₂-C HỌ—C—COO SO CH₂-COO Citrate AG'= -32.2 kJ/molarrow_forward
- What is meant by reciprocal regulation ? Name one compound that reciprocally regulates glycolysis and gluconeogenesis pathways . Which enzymes are regulated by this compound? What reactions are catalyzed by these enzymes (structures not required) ?arrow_forwardIn the living cell, free energy made from one reaction can be used to drive another in an energetically unfavorable direction, provided the two reactions have a common intermediate (this is termed the principle of common intermediates). Example: In glycolysis, glucose is converted into pyruvate; in gluconeogenesis, pyruvate is converted into glucose. However, the actual ΔG for the formation of pyruvate from glucose is about -84 kJ/mol under typical cellular conditions. Most of the decrease in free energy in glycolysis takes place in three essentially irreversible steps catalyzed by, hexokinase, pyruvate kinase and phosphofructokinase. Use one of the 3 opposing reactions (in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis) to demonstrate the PRINCIPLE OF COMMON INTERMEDIATESarrow_forwardOf the 36 molecules of ATP produced by the complete metabolism of glucose, how many are produced directly in glycolysis alone, that is, before the common pathway?arrow_forward
- The overall reactions for gluconeogenesis and glycolysis are given below. What is the energy cost (in ATP equivalents) of transforming one molecule of glucose to pyruvate (via glycolysis) and back to glucose (via gluconeogenesis)? Gluconeogenesis: 2 pyruvate + 4 ATP + 2 GTP + 2NADH + 4H₂O Glycolysis: Glucose + 2ADP + 2P₁ + 2NAD+ - 2 pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH + 2H+ + 2H₂000 Select one: O a. 2 ATP O b. 4 ATP O c. 6 ATP O d. 8 ATP Prev Page glucose + 4ADP + 2GDP + 2P₁ + 2NAD+ + 2H+ MI 21 22 00:508D DAD 1=1 SE 30: DONDOK 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Report question issue B Next Page Garrow_forwardmatch the cofactor with its function in the citric acid cycle by entering the number corresponding with the function. A given function may be used more than one time or not at all. Use from the following list of functions to fill in the table below: carries O2 carries small carbon-containing molecules carries e- carries small nitrogen-containing molecules Cofactor Function NAD+/NADH FAD/FADH2 CoA thiamine biotinarrow_forwardIdentify the following as a characteristic of one or more following process: glycolysis, glycogenesis, Glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis. 1. Glucose 6-phosphate is the initial reactant 2. Glucose is the final product 3. Glucose 6-phosphate is produced in the first step 4. UTP is involved in the process 5. ADP is converted to ATP in this processarrow_forward
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