Concept explainers
Figure 14.10 In eukaryotic cells, DNA and RNA synthesis occur in a separate compartment from protein synthesis. In prokaryotic cells, both processes occur together. What advantages might there be to separating the processes? What advantages might there be to having them occur together?
To review:
The advantages of separate processes of DNA synthesis, transcription and translation in eukaryotes and the same occurring together in prokaryotes.
Introduction:
Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms lacking a well-defined nucleus and membrane-bound cell organelles. Eukaryotes are either unicellular or multicellular organisms with a well-defined nucleus covered by a nuclear membrane, showing nucleoplasm and nucleolus along with the membrane-bound organelles in their cytoplasm like the mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, chloroplast. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes also differ in the synthesis of DNA, RNA, and proteins.
Explanation of Solution
In prokaryotes, the synthesis of DNA and RNA occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. No compartmentalization in prokaryotes makes the synthesis of RNA and proteins to occur simultaneously, helping in their quicker synthesis and allowing the cell to reproduce at a quicker rate. This quicker reproduction can bring changes in the cell and can help the cells to evolve.
In eukaryotes, the synthesis of DNA takes place in the nucleus of the cell by a process called the replication of DNA. The synthesis of RNA occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. The advantages of this separation are that more complex proteins and RNA products are formed separately by a set of specific steps with minimum damage to them. This also prevents the interaction of these molecules among themselves and helps in regulating the gene expression.
Thus, the separation of DNA and RNA synthesis from the synthesis of proteins in eukaryotes helps in the formation of the complex products with minimum damage and their synthesis in prokaryotes occurring together makes them reproduce quickly.
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 14 Solutions
Biology 2e
Additional Science Textbook Solutions
College Physics
Campbell Essential Biology (6th Edition) - standalone book
Genetic Analysis: An Integrated Approach (2nd Edition)
Biology: Life on Earth with Physiology (11th Edition)
Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach (7th Edition)
Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
- Why is it an advantage for eukaryotic cells to have different compartments (aka organelles) in the cell (separated by membranes) with different environments (ex: different pH’s, different enzymes present, etc)?arrow_forwardProteins like channels embedded within the cell's plasma membrane and enzymes scattered in the cytoplasm carry out vital functions. Can you explain the steps of the biological process, allowing cells to make proteins from genes? Can you please provide as many details to each step?arrow_forwardThe endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus are both membrane-bound organelles found in eukaryotic cells. Which statement describes one way in which the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus work together? The Golgi apparatus assembles mRNA, and the endoplasmic reticulum translates them into proteins. The endoplasmic reticulum assembles mRNA molecules, and the Golgi apparatus translates them into proteins. The Golgi apparatus assembles proteins, and the endoplasmic reticulum modifies and packages them. The endoplasmic reticulum assembles proteins and the Golgi apparatus modifies and packages them.arrow_forward
- List the eight cellular parts that are specific to ALL eukaryotes. This should not include any cellular parts listed above that both prokaryotes and eukaryotes will have. This also should not include any cellular parts that only specific types of eukaryotes will have (example: cilia). Then state the function of the cellular part (what does it do for the cell?).arrow_forwardThe endosymbiotic theory pertains to which organelle within eukaryotes because of the presence of 70S ribosomes, circular DNA, and the replication of this organelle independent from mitosis? O 1) nucleus O 2) lysosomes. O 3) golgi 4) endoplasmic reticulum 5: O 5) mitochondriaarrow_forwardWhich of the following is FALSE regarding the four structures that BOTH prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have in common and why are these essential structures for all cells?1 DNA directs protein production2 Mitochondria the power house of the cell3 Cytoplasm, aqueous interior of all cell houses organelles and other structure 4 cell membrane : regulates movement of molecules between cell and its surroundings5 ribosome build proteins according to the DNA's instructionsarrow_forward
- Which is true of ribosomes found in eukaryotic cells? They: A) contain DNA B) synthesize carbohydrates C) are attached to the Rough Endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and carry out the synthesis of proteins D) are found inside the endoplasmic reticulum E) are originally found associated with the endoplasmic reticulum in prokaryotic cells.arrow_forwardGenetically speaking, prokaryotes are different from eukaryotes because: a. prokaryotes usually have one main circular chromosome, whereas eukaryotes have multiple linear chromosomes prokaryotes do not usually have histone proteins to package their DNA prokaryotes do not have a nucleus to house their DNA as eukaryotes do prokaryotes have less total DNA than do eukaryotes All of the abovearrow_forwardIf Prokaryotic cells do not have membrane-bound organelles, can Prokaryotic cells perform the same functions as membrane-bound organelles?arrow_forward
- What are some differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? In which domain(s) is each found?arrow_forwardContrast how prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells differ in terms of a) size and b) structural complexityarrow_forwardWhat results in the alteration of amino acid sequences during polypeptide formation in protein synthesis? A defective polypeptide may arise because of a change in its amino acid sequence Despite the change in amino acid sequence, the polypeptide formed will always be functional and will never cause a disease. The cell will have no other choice but to revert the faulty polypeptide into amino acids to undo its work. The nucleus, by means of its powerful enzymes, will eventually destroy the damaged protein so that it will not wreak havoc in the cell.arrow_forward
- Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)BiologyISBN:9780134580999Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. HoehnPublisher:PEARSONBiology 2eBiologyISBN:9781947172517Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann ClarkPublisher:OpenStaxAnatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781259398629Author:McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa StouterPublisher:Mcgraw Hill Education,
- Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)BiologyISBN:9780815344322Author:Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter WalterPublisher:W. W. Norton & CompanyLaboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781260159363Author:Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, CynthiaPublisher:McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)BiologyISBN:9781260231700Author:Sylvia S. Mader, Michael WindelspechtPublisher:McGraw Hill Education