The percentage of hydrogen in the core originally.

Question

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 12, Problem 39QAP

(a)

To determine

The percentage of hydrogen in the core originally.

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 39QAP

The percentage of hydrogen was 70 percent of total mass in the core originally.

Explanation of Solution

Sun is middle-aged, main sequence star of G2 spectral type. The surface temperature of the Sun is 5800 K. It continuously produces energy with the help of nuclear fusion occurring in its core that is transferred from its core to outer surface.

The sun had even mass composition of helium and hydrogen throughout its core and surface when it was formed. Helium was 30 percent and hydrogen was 70 percent at the time of formation of the Sun.

Conclusion:

Thus, the percentage of hydrogen was 70 percent of total mass in the core originally.

(b)

To determine

The percentage of hydrogen in the core today.

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 39QAP

The percentage of hydrogen is 35 percent of total mass in the core today.

Explanation of Solution

Sun is middle-aged, main sequence star of G2 spectral type. The surface temperature of the Sun is 5800 K. It continuously produces energy with the help of nuclear fusion occurring in its core that is transferred from its core to outer surface.

The sun had even mass composition of helium and hydrogen throughout its core and surface when it was formed. Helium was 30 percent and hydrogen was 70 percent at the time of formation of the Sun.

However, continuous fusion of hydrogen atoms into helium decreases the amount of hydrogen in the core. Today, only 35 percent of total mass is hydrogen and 65 percent of total mass is helium.

Conclusion:

Thus, the percentage of hydrogen is 35 percent of total mass in the core today.

(c)

To determine

The percentage of hydrogen in the core originally.

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 39QAP

The percentage of hydrogen will zero percent of total mass in the core after 5 billion years from now.

Explanation of Solution

Sun is middle-aged, main sequence star of G2 spectral type. The surface temperature of the Sun is 5800 K. It continuously produces energy with the help of nuclear fusion occurring in its core that is transferred from its core to outer surface.

The sun had even mass composition of helium and hydrogen throughout its core and surface when it was formed. Helium was 30 percent and hydrogen was 70 percent at the time of formation of the Sun.

However, continuous fusion of hydrogen atoms into helium decreases the amount of hydrogen in the core. Today, only 35 percent of total mass is hydrogen and 65 percent of total mass is helium.

The lifetime of Sun is 10 billion years; out of which it has spent already 5 billion years. The continuous fusion will result into zero percent of hydrogen in the core after 5 billion years form now.

Conclusion:

Thus, the percentage of hydrogen will zero percent of total mass in the core after 5 billion years from now.

(d)

To determine

The percentage of hydrogen in the entire Sun originally.

(d)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 39QAP

The percentage of hydrogen was 70 percent of total mass in the entire Sun originally.

Explanation of Solution

Sun is middle-aged, main sequence star of G2 spectral type. The surface temperature of the Sun is 5800 K. It continuously produces energy with the help of nuclear fusion occurring in its core that is transferred from its core to outer surface.

The sun had even mass composition of helium and hydrogen throughout its core and surface when it was formed. Helium was 30 percent and hydrogen was 70 percent at the time of formation of the Sun.

Conclusion:

Thus, the percentage of hydrogen was 70 percent of total mass in the entire Sun originally.

(e)

To determine

The percentage of hydrogen in the core today.

(e)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 39QAP

The percentage of hydrogen is 66 percent of total mass in the entire Sun today.

Explanation of Solution

Sun is middle-aged, main sequence star of G2 spectral type. The surface temperature of the Sun is 5800 K. It continuously produces energy with the help of nuclear fusion occurring in its core that is transferred from its core to outer surface.

The sun had even mass composition of helium and hydrogen throughout its core and surface when it was formed. Helium was 30 percent and hydrogen was 70 percent at the time of formation of the Sun.

However, continuous fusion of hydrogen atoms into helium decreases the amount of hydrogen in the core. Today, only 35 percent of total mass is hydrogen and 65 percent of total mass is helium.

The core of the Sun extends up to 0.2 times the size of the Sun; composition of the Sun in remaining surface is still the same; it means the ratio of hydrogen and helium amount in outer 80 percent has not changed and only inner 20 percent is changed.

From figure, it is observed that 66 percent is hydrogen and 34 percent is helium of total mass in the entire Sun.

Conclusion:

Thus, the percentage of hydrogen is 66 percent of total mass in the entire Sun today.

(f)

To determine

The percentage of hydrogen in the core originally.

(f)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 39QAP

The percentage of hydrogen is 62 percent of total mass in the entire Sun today.

Explanation of Solution

Sun is middle-aged, main sequence star of G2 spectral type. The surface temperature of the Sun is 5800 K. It continuously produces energy with the help of nuclear fusion occurring in its core that is transferred from its core to outer surface.

The sun had even mass composition of helium and hydrogen throughout its core and surface when it was formed. Helium was 30 percent and hydrogen was 70 percent at the time of formation of the Sun.

However, continuous fusion of hydrogen atoms into helium decreases the amount of hydrogen in the core. Today, only 35 percent of total mass is hydrogen and 65 percent of total mass is helium.

The lifetime of Sun is 10 billion years; out of which it has spent already 5 billion years. The continuous fusion will result into zero percent of hydrogen in the core after 5 billion years form now.

The core of the Sun extends up to 0.2 times the size of the Sun; composition of the Sun in remaining surface is still the same; it means the ratio of hydrogen and helium amount in outer 80 percent has not changed and only inner 20 percent is changed.

From figure, it is observed that 62 percent is hydrogen and 38 percent is helium of total mass in the entire Sun.

Conclusion:

Thus, the percentage of hydrogen is 62 percent of total mass in the entire Sun today.

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Students have asked these similar questions

Which of the following statements about various stages of core nuclear burning (hydrogen, helium, carbon, etc.) in a high- mass star is not true? A. As each stage ends, the core shrinks and heats further. B. Each successive stage creates an element with a higher atomic number and atomic mass number. C. As each stage ends, the reactions that occurred in previous stages continue in shells around the core. D.Each successive stage lasts for approximately the same amount of time.

How can we know that the sun will “die” in about 5 billion years? Choose the correct answer. A. We can see the evolution and death in the spectra B. We can see the entire process as it plays out in a star C. We look at thousands of stars like the sun and can see them in all stages of development

Status of Sun's core and its temperature (The letters correspond to the stages in Figure 21.1.) 3. Stage A: T10 million K. Sun is in equilibrium. 4. Stage B: T 100 million K Core collapse stops. 5. Stage C: Helium flash 6. Stage D: T 100 million K. Sun is in equilibrium. 7. Stage E: T800 million K. Core collapse stops. If fusion is occurring in core or in shell around the core, mark with a ✔in the correct column. Core fusion H to He FUSION ✓ Core fusion He to C Shell fusion H to He Shell fusion He to C PRESSURE VERSUS GRAVITY CORE • REST OF THE STAR Pressure comes from electron degeneracy Pressure Gravity Gravity Pressure region contracts and heats Pressure > Gravity region expands and cools

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 12, Problem 39QAP

(a)

To determine

The percentage of hydrogen in the core originally.

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 39QAP

The percentage of hydrogen was 70 percent of total mass in the core originally.

Explanation of Solution

Sun is middle-aged, main sequence star of G2 spectral type. The surface temperature of the Sun is 5800 K. It continuously produces energy with the help of nuclear fusion occurring in its core that is transferred from its core to outer surface.

The sun had even mass composition of helium and hydrogen throughout its core and surface when it was formed. Helium was 30 percent and hydrogen was 70 percent at the time of formation of the Sun.

Conclusion:

Thus, the percentage of hydrogen was 70 percent of total mass in the core originally.

(b)

To determine

The percentage of hydrogen in the core today.

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 39QAP

The percentage of hydrogen is 35 percent of total mass in the core today.

Explanation of Solution

Sun is middle-aged, main sequence star of G2 spectral type. The surface temperature of the Sun is 5800 K. It continuously produces energy with the help of nuclear fusion occurring in its core that is transferred from its core to outer surface.

The sun had even mass composition of helium and hydrogen throughout its core and surface when it was formed. Helium was 30 percent and hydrogen was 70 percent at the time of formation of the Sun.

However, continuous fusion of hydrogen atoms into helium decreases the amount of hydrogen in the core. Today, only 35 percent of total mass is hydrogen and 65 percent of total mass is helium.

Conclusion:

Thus, the percentage of hydrogen is 35 percent of total mass in the core today.

(c)

To determine

The percentage of hydrogen in the core originally.

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 39QAP

The percentage of hydrogen will zero percent of total mass in the core after 5 billion years from now.

Explanation of Solution

Sun is middle-aged, main sequence star of G2 spectral type. The surface temperature of the Sun is 5800 K. It continuously produces energy with the help of nuclear fusion occurring in its core that is transferred from its core to outer surface.

The sun had even mass composition of helium and hydrogen throughout its core and surface when it was formed. Helium was 30 percent and hydrogen was 70 percent at the time of formation of the Sun.

However, continuous fusion of hydrogen atoms into helium decreases the amount of hydrogen in the core. Today, only 35 percent of total mass is hydrogen and 65 percent of total mass is helium.

The lifetime of Sun is 10 billion years; out of which it has spent already 5 billion years. The continuous fusion will result into zero percent of hydrogen in the core after 5 billion years form now.

Conclusion:

Thus, the percentage of hydrogen will zero percent of total mass in the core after 5 billion years from now.

(d)

To determine

The percentage of hydrogen in the entire Sun originally.

(d)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 39QAP

The percentage of hydrogen was 70 percent of total mass in the entire Sun originally.

Explanation of Solution

Sun is middle-aged, main sequence star of G2 spectral type. The surface temperature of the Sun is 5800 K. It continuously produces energy with the help of nuclear fusion occurring in its core that is transferred from its core to outer surface.

The sun had even mass composition of helium and hydrogen throughout its core and surface when it was formed. Helium was 30 percent and hydrogen was 70 percent at the time of formation of the Sun.

Conclusion:

Thus, the percentage of hydrogen was 70 percent of total mass in the entire Sun originally.

(e)

To determine

The percentage of hydrogen in the core today.

(e)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 39QAP

The percentage of hydrogen is 66 percent of total mass in the entire Sun today.

Explanation of Solution

Sun is middle-aged, main sequence star of G2 spectral type. The surface temperature of the Sun is 5800 K. It continuously produces energy with the help of nuclear fusion occurring in its core that is transferred from its core to outer surface.

The sun had even mass composition of helium and hydrogen throughout its core and surface when it was formed. Helium was 30 percent and hydrogen was 70 percent at the time of formation of the Sun.

However, continuous fusion of hydrogen atoms into helium decreases the amount of hydrogen in the core. Today, only 35 percent of total mass is hydrogen and 65 percent of total mass is helium.

The core of the Sun extends up to 0.2 times the size of the Sun; composition of the Sun in remaining surface is still the same; it means the ratio of hydrogen and helium amount in outer 80 percent has not changed and only inner 20 percent is changed.

From figure, it is observed that 66 percent is hydrogen and 34 percent is helium of total mass in the entire Sun.

Conclusion:

Thus, the percentage of hydrogen is 66 percent of total mass in the entire Sun today.

(f)

To determine

The percentage of hydrogen in the core originally.

(f)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 39QAP

The percentage of hydrogen is 62 percent of total mass in the entire Sun today.

Explanation of Solution

Sun is middle-aged, main sequence star of G2 spectral type. The surface temperature of the Sun is 5800 K. It continuously produces energy with the help of nuclear fusion occurring in its core that is transferred from its core to outer surface.

The sun had even mass composition of helium and hydrogen throughout its core and surface when it was formed. Helium was 30 percent and hydrogen was 70 percent at the time of formation of the Sun.

However, continuous fusion of hydrogen atoms into helium decreases the amount of hydrogen in the core. Today, only 35 percent of total mass is hydrogen and 65 percent of total mass is helium.

The lifetime of Sun is 10 billion years; out of which it has spent already 5 billion years. The continuous fusion will result into zero percent of hydrogen in the core after 5 billion years form now.

The core of the Sun extends up to 0.2 times the size of the Sun; composition of the Sun in remaining surface is still the same; it means the ratio of hydrogen and helium amount in outer 80 percent has not changed and only inner 20 percent is changed.

From figure, it is observed that 62 percent is hydrogen and 38 percent is helium of total mass in the entire Sun.

Conclusion:

Thus, the percentage of hydrogen is 62 percent of total mass in the entire Sun today.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 12, Problem 39QAP

(a)

To determine

The percentage of hydrogen in the core originally.

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 39QAP

The percentage of hydrogen was 70 percent of total mass in the core originally.

Explanation of Solution

Sun is middle-aged, main sequence star of G2 spectral type. The surface temperature of the Sun is 5800 K. It continuously produces energy with the help of nuclear fusion occurring in its core that is transferred from its core to outer surface.

The sun had even mass composition of helium and hydrogen throughout its core and surface when it was formed. Helium was 30 percent and hydrogen was 70 percent at the time of formation of the Sun.

Conclusion:

Thus, the percentage of hydrogen was 70 percent of total mass in the core originally.

(b)

To determine

The percentage of hydrogen in the core today.

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 39QAP

The percentage of hydrogen is 35 percent of total mass in the core today.

Explanation of Solution

Sun is middle-aged, main sequence star of G2 spectral type. The surface temperature of the Sun is 5800 K. It continuously produces energy with the help of nuclear fusion occurring in its core that is transferred from its core to outer surface.

The sun had even mass composition of helium and hydrogen throughout its core and surface when it was formed. Helium was 30 percent and hydrogen was 70 percent at the time of formation of the Sun.

However, continuous fusion of hydrogen atoms into helium decreases the amount of hydrogen in the core. Today, only 35 percent of total mass is hydrogen and 65 percent of total mass is helium.

Conclusion:

Thus, the percentage of hydrogen is 35 percent of total mass in the core today.

(c)

To determine

The percentage of hydrogen in the core originally.

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 39QAP

The percentage of hydrogen will zero percent of total mass in the core after 5 billion years from now.

Explanation of Solution

Sun is middle-aged, main sequence star of G2 spectral type. The surface temperature of the Sun is 5800 K. It continuously produces energy with the help of nuclear fusion occurring in its core that is transferred from its core to outer surface.

The sun had even mass composition of helium and hydrogen throughout its core and surface when it was formed. Helium was 30 percent and hydrogen was 70 percent at the time of formation of the Sun.

However, continuous fusion of hydrogen atoms into helium decreases the amount of hydrogen in the core. Today, only 35 percent of total mass is hydrogen and 65 percent of total mass is helium.

The lifetime of Sun is 10 billion years; out of which it has spent already 5 billion years. The continuous fusion will result into zero percent of hydrogen in the core after 5 billion years form now.

Conclusion:

Thus, the percentage of hydrogen will zero percent of total mass in the core after 5 billion years from now.

(d)

To determine

The percentage of hydrogen in the entire Sun originally.

(d)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 39QAP

The percentage of hydrogen was 70 percent of total mass in the entire Sun originally.

Explanation of Solution

Sun is middle-aged, main sequence star of G2 spectral type. The surface temperature of the Sun is 5800 K. It continuously produces energy with the help of nuclear fusion occurring in its core that is transferred from its core to outer surface.

The sun had even mass composition of helium and hydrogen throughout its core and surface when it was formed. Helium was 30 percent and hydrogen was 70 percent at the time of formation of the Sun.

Conclusion:

Thus, the percentage of hydrogen was 70 percent of total mass in the entire Sun originally.

(e)

To determine

The percentage of hydrogen in the core today.

(e)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 39QAP

The percentage of hydrogen is 66 percent of total mass in the entire Sun today.

Explanation of Solution

Sun is middle-aged, main sequence star of G2 spectral type. The surface temperature of the Sun is 5800 K. It continuously produces energy with the help of nuclear fusion occurring in its core that is transferred from its core to outer surface.

The sun had even mass composition of helium and hydrogen throughout its core and surface when it was formed. Helium was 30 percent and hydrogen was 70 percent at the time of formation of the Sun.

However, continuous fusion of hydrogen atoms into helium decreases the amount of hydrogen in the core. Today, only 35 percent of total mass is hydrogen and 65 percent of total mass is helium.

The core of the Sun extends up to 0.2 times the size of the Sun; composition of the Sun in remaining surface is still the same; it means the ratio of hydrogen and helium amount in outer 80 percent has not changed and only inner 20 percent is changed.

From figure, it is observed that 66 percent is hydrogen and 34 percent is helium of total mass in the entire Sun.

Conclusion:

Thus, the percentage of hydrogen is 66 percent of total mass in the entire Sun today.

(f)

To determine

The percentage of hydrogen in the core originally.

(f)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 39QAP

The percentage of hydrogen is 62 percent of total mass in the entire Sun today.

Explanation of Solution

Sun is middle-aged, main sequence star of G2 spectral type. The surface temperature of the Sun is 5800 K. It continuously produces energy with the help of nuclear fusion occurring in its core that is transferred from its core to outer surface.

The sun had even mass composition of helium and hydrogen throughout its core and surface when it was formed. Helium was 30 percent and hydrogen was 70 percent at the time of formation of the Sun.

However, continuous fusion of hydrogen atoms into helium decreases the amount of hydrogen in the core. Today, only 35 percent of total mass is hydrogen and 65 percent of total mass is helium.

The lifetime of Sun is 10 billion years; out of which it has spent already 5 billion years. The continuous fusion will result into zero percent of hydrogen in the core after 5 billion years form now.

The core of the Sun extends up to 0.2 times the size of the Sun; composition of the Sun in remaining surface is still the same; it means the ratio of hydrogen and helium amount in outer 80 percent has not changed and only inner 20 percent is changed.

From figure, it is observed that 62 percent is hydrogen and 38 percent is helium of total mass in the entire Sun.

Conclusion:

Thus, the percentage of hydrogen is 62 percent of total mass in the entire Sun today.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 12, Problem 39QAP

(a)

To determine

The percentage of hydrogen in the core originally.

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 39QAP

The percentage of hydrogen was 70 percent of total mass in the core originally.

Explanation of Solution

Sun is middle-aged, main sequence star of G2 spectral type. The surface temperature of the Sun is 5800 K. It continuously produces energy with the help of nuclear fusion occurring in its core that is transferred from its core to outer surface.

The sun had even mass composition of helium and hydrogen throughout its core and surface when it was formed. Helium was 30 percent and hydrogen was 70 percent at the time of formation of the Sun.

Conclusion:

Thus, the percentage of hydrogen was 70 percent of total mass in the core originally.

(b)

To determine

The percentage of hydrogen in the core today.

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 39QAP

The percentage of hydrogen is 35 percent of total mass in the core today.

Explanation of Solution

Sun is middle-aged, main sequence star of G2 spectral type. The surface temperature of the Sun is 5800 K. It continuously produces energy with the help of nuclear fusion occurring in its core that is transferred from its core to outer surface.

The sun had even mass composition of helium and hydrogen throughout its core and surface when it was formed. Helium was 30 percent and hydrogen was 70 percent at the time of formation of the Sun.

However, continuous fusion of hydrogen atoms into helium decreases the amount of hydrogen in the core. Today, only 35 percent of total mass is hydrogen and 65 percent of total mass is helium.

Conclusion:

Thus, the percentage of hydrogen is 35 percent of total mass in the core today.

(c)

To determine

The percentage of hydrogen in the core originally.

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 39QAP

The percentage of hydrogen will zero percent of total mass in the core after 5 billion years from now.

Explanation of Solution

Sun is middle-aged, main sequence star of G2 spectral type. The surface temperature of the Sun is 5800 K. It continuously produces energy with the help of nuclear fusion occurring in its core that is transferred from its core to outer surface.

The sun had even mass composition of helium and hydrogen throughout its core and surface when it was formed. Helium was 30 percent and hydrogen was 70 percent at the time of formation of the Sun.

However, continuous fusion of hydrogen atoms into helium decreases the amount of hydrogen in the core. Today, only 35 percent of total mass is hydrogen and 65 percent of total mass is helium.

The lifetime of Sun is 10 billion years; out of which it has spent already 5 billion years. The continuous fusion will result into zero percent of hydrogen in the core after 5 billion years form now.

Conclusion:

Thus, the percentage of hydrogen will zero percent of total mass in the core after 5 billion years from now.

(d)

To determine

The percentage of hydrogen in the entire Sun originally.

(d)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 39QAP

The percentage of hydrogen was 70 percent of total mass in the entire Sun originally.

Explanation of Solution

Sun is middle-aged, main sequence star of G2 spectral type. The surface temperature of the Sun is 5800 K. It continuously produces energy with the help of nuclear fusion occurring in its core that is transferred from its core to outer surface.

The sun had even mass composition of helium and hydrogen throughout its core and surface when it was formed. Helium was 30 percent and hydrogen was 70 percent at the time of formation of the Sun.

Conclusion:

Thus, the percentage of hydrogen was 70 percent of total mass in the entire Sun originally.

(e)

To determine

The percentage of hydrogen in the core today.

(e)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 39QAP

The percentage of hydrogen is 66 percent of total mass in the entire Sun today.

Explanation of Solution

Sun is middle-aged, main sequence star of G2 spectral type. The surface temperature of the Sun is 5800 K. It continuously produces energy with the help of nuclear fusion occurring in its core that is transferred from its core to outer surface.

The sun had even mass composition of helium and hydrogen throughout its core and surface when it was formed. Helium was 30 percent and hydrogen was 70 percent at the time of formation of the Sun.

However, continuous fusion of hydrogen atoms into helium decreases the amount of hydrogen in the core. Today, only 35 percent of total mass is hydrogen and 65 percent of total mass is helium.

The core of the Sun extends up to 0.2 times the size of the Sun; composition of the Sun in remaining surface is still the same; it means the ratio of hydrogen and helium amount in outer 80 percent has not changed and only inner 20 percent is changed.

From figure, it is observed that 66 percent is hydrogen and 34 percent is helium of total mass in the entire Sun.

Conclusion:

Thus, the percentage of hydrogen is 66 percent of total mass in the entire Sun today.

(f)

To determine

The percentage of hydrogen in the core originally.

(f)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 39QAP

The percentage of hydrogen is 62 percent of total mass in the entire Sun today.

Explanation of Solution

Sun is middle-aged, main sequence star of G2 spectral type. The surface temperature of the Sun is 5800 K. It continuously produces energy with the help of nuclear fusion occurring in its core that is transferred from its core to outer surface.

The sun had even mass composition of helium and hydrogen throughout its core and surface when it was formed. Helium was 30 percent and hydrogen was 70 percent at the time of formation of the Sun.

However, continuous fusion of hydrogen atoms into helium decreases the amount of hydrogen in the core. Today, only 35 percent of total mass is hydrogen and 65 percent of total mass is helium.

The lifetime of Sun is 10 billion years; out of which it has spent already 5 billion years. The continuous fusion will result into zero percent of hydrogen in the core after 5 billion years form now.

The core of the Sun extends up to 0.2 times the size of the Sun; composition of the Sun in remaining surface is still the same; it means the ratio of hydrogen and helium amount in outer 80 percent has not changed and only inner 20 percent is changed.

From figure, it is observed that 62 percent is hydrogen and 38 percent is helium of total mass in the entire Sun.

Conclusion:

Thus, the percentage of hydrogen is 62 percent of total mass in the entire Sun today.

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Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 5

Chapter 12, Problem 39QAP

(a)

To determine

The percentage of hydrogen in the core originally.

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 39QAP

The percentage of hydrogen was 70 percent of total mass in the core originally.

Explanation of Solution

Sun is middle-aged, main sequence star of G2 spectral type. The surface temperature of the Sun is 5800 K. It continuously produces energy with the help of nuclear fusion occurring in its core that is transferred from its core to outer surface.

The sun had even mass composition of helium and hydrogen throughout its core and surface when it was formed. Helium was 30 percent and hydrogen was 70 percent at the time of formation of the Sun.

Conclusion:

Thus, the percentage of hydrogen was 70 percent of total mass in the core originally.

(b)

To determine

The percentage of hydrogen in the core today.

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 39QAP

The percentage of hydrogen is 35 percent of total mass in the core today.

Explanation of Solution

Sun is middle-aged, main sequence star of G2 spectral type. The surface temperature of the Sun is 5800 K. It continuously produces energy with the help of nuclear fusion occurring in its core that is transferred from its core to outer surface.

The sun had even mass composition of helium and hydrogen throughout its core and surface when it was formed. Helium was 30 percent and hydrogen was 70 percent at the time of formation of the Sun.

However, continuous fusion of hydrogen atoms into helium decreases the amount of hydrogen in the core. Today, only 35 percent of total mass is hydrogen and 65 percent of total mass is helium.

Conclusion:

Thus, the percentage of hydrogen is 35 percent of total mass in the core today.

(c)

To determine

The percentage of hydrogen in the core originally.

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 39QAP

The percentage of hydrogen will zero percent of total mass in the core after 5 billion years from now.

Explanation of Solution

Sun is middle-aged, main sequence star of G2 spectral type. The surface temperature of the Sun is 5800 K. It continuously produces energy with the help of nuclear fusion occurring in its core that is transferred from its core to outer surface.

The sun had even mass composition of helium and hydrogen throughout its core and surface when it was formed. Helium was 30 percent and hydrogen was 70 percent at the time of formation of the Sun.

However, continuous fusion of hydrogen atoms into helium decreases the amount of hydrogen in the core. Today, only 35 percent of total mass is hydrogen and 65 percent of total mass is helium.

The lifetime of Sun is 10 billion years; out of which it has spent already 5 billion years. The continuous fusion will result into zero percent of hydrogen in the core after 5 billion years form now.

Conclusion:

Thus, the percentage of hydrogen will zero percent of total mass in the core after 5 billion years from now.

(d)

To determine

The percentage of hydrogen in the entire Sun originally.

(d)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 39QAP

The percentage of hydrogen was 70 percent of total mass in the entire Sun originally.

Explanation of Solution

Sun is middle-aged, main sequence star of G2 spectral type. The surface temperature of the Sun is 5800 K. It continuously produces energy with the help of nuclear fusion occurring in its core that is transferred from its core to outer surface.

The sun had even mass composition of helium and hydrogen throughout its core and surface when it was formed. Helium was 30 percent and hydrogen was 70 percent at the time of formation of the Sun.

Conclusion:

Thus, the percentage of hydrogen was 70 percent of total mass in the entire Sun originally.

(e)

To determine

The percentage of hydrogen in the core today.

(e)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 39QAP

The percentage of hydrogen is 66 percent of total mass in the entire Sun today.

Explanation of Solution

Sun is middle-aged, main sequence star of G2 spectral type. The surface temperature of the Sun is 5800 K. It continuously produces energy with the help of nuclear fusion occurring in its core that is transferred from its core to outer surface.

The sun had even mass composition of helium and hydrogen throughout its core and surface when it was formed. Helium was 30 percent and hydrogen was 70 percent at the time of formation of the Sun.

However, continuous fusion of hydrogen atoms into helium decreases the amount of hydrogen in the core. Today, only 35 percent of total mass is hydrogen and 65 percent of total mass is helium.

The core of the Sun extends up to 0.2 times the size of the Sun; composition of the Sun in remaining surface is still the same; it means the ratio of hydrogen and helium amount in outer 80 percent has not changed and only inner 20 percent is changed.

From figure, it is observed that 66 percent is hydrogen and 34 percent is helium of total mass in the entire Sun.

Conclusion:

Thus, the percentage of hydrogen is 66 percent of total mass in the entire Sun today.

(f)

To determine

The percentage of hydrogen in the core originally.

(f)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 39QAP

The percentage of hydrogen is 62 percent of total mass in the entire Sun today.

Explanation of Solution

Sun is middle-aged, main sequence star of G2 spectral type. The surface temperature of the Sun is 5800 K. It continuously produces energy with the help of nuclear fusion occurring in its core that is transferred from its core to outer surface.

The sun had even mass composition of helium and hydrogen throughout its core and surface when it was formed. Helium was 30 percent and hydrogen was 70 percent at the time of formation of the Sun.

However, continuous fusion of hydrogen atoms into helium decreases the amount of hydrogen in the core. Today, only 35 percent of total mass is hydrogen and 65 percent of total mass is helium.

The lifetime of Sun is 10 billion years; out of which it has spent already 5 billion years. The continuous fusion will result into zero percent of hydrogen in the core after 5 billion years form now.

The core of the Sun extends up to 0.2 times the size of the Sun; composition of the Sun in remaining surface is still the same; it means the ratio of hydrogen and helium amount in outer 80 percent has not changed and only inner 20 percent is changed.

From figure, it is observed that 62 percent is hydrogen and 38 percent is helium of total mass in the entire Sun.

Conclusion:

Thus, the percentage of hydrogen is 62 percent of total mass in the entire Sun today.

Answer 6

Chapter 12, Problem 39QAP

(a)

To determine

The percentage of hydrogen in the core originally.

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 39QAP

The percentage of hydrogen was 70 percent of total mass in the core originally.

Explanation of Solution

Sun is middle-aged, main sequence star of G2 spectral type. The surface temperature of the Sun is 5800 K. It continuously produces energy with the help of nuclear fusion occurring in its core that is transferred from its core to outer surface.

The sun had even mass composition of helium and hydrogen throughout its core and surface when it was formed. Helium was 30 percent and hydrogen was 70 percent at the time of formation of the Sun.

Conclusion:

Thus, the percentage of hydrogen was 70 percent of total mass in the core originally.

Answer 7

Chapter 12, Problem 39QAP

(a)

To determine

The percentage of hydrogen in the core originally.

Answer 8

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 39QAP

The percentage of hydrogen was 70 percent of total mass in the core originally.

Answer 9

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer 10

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer 11

Expert Solution

Answer 12

Explanation of Solution

Sun is middle-aged, main sequence star of G2 spectral type. The surface temperature of the Sun is 5800 K. It continuously produces energy with the help of nuclear fusion occurring in its core that is transferred from its core to outer surface.

The sun had even mass composition of helium and hydrogen throughout its core and surface when it was formed. Helium was 30 percent and hydrogen was 70 percent at the time of formation of the Sun.

Conclusion:

Thus, the percentage of hydrogen was 70 percent of total mass in the core originally.

Answer 13

(b)

To determine

The percentage of hydrogen in the core today.

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 39QAP

The percentage of hydrogen is 35 percent of total mass in the core today.

Explanation of Solution

Sun is middle-aged, main sequence star of G2 spectral type. The surface temperature of the Sun is 5800 K. It continuously produces energy with the help of nuclear fusion occurring in its core that is transferred from its core to outer surface.

The sun had even mass composition of helium and hydrogen throughout its core and surface when it was formed. Helium was 30 percent and hydrogen was 70 percent at the time of formation of the Sun.

However, continuous fusion of hydrogen atoms into helium decreases the amount of hydrogen in the core. Today, only 35 percent of total mass is hydrogen and 65 percent of total mass is helium.

Conclusion:

Thus, the percentage of hydrogen is 35 percent of total mass in the core today.

Answer 14

(b)

To determine

The percentage of hydrogen in the core today.

Answer 15

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 39QAP

The percentage of hydrogen is 35 percent of total mass in the core today.

Answer 16

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer 17

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer 18

Expert Solution

Answer 19

Explanation of Solution

Sun is middle-aged, main sequence star of G2 spectral type. The surface temperature of the Sun is 5800 K. It continuously produces energy with the help of nuclear fusion occurring in its core that is transferred from its core to outer surface.

The sun had even mass composition of helium and hydrogen throughout its core and surface when it was formed. Helium was 30 percent and hydrogen was 70 percent at the time of formation of the Sun.

However, continuous fusion of hydrogen atoms into helium decreases the amount of hydrogen in the core. Today, only 35 percent of total mass is hydrogen and 65 percent of total mass is helium.

Conclusion:

Thus, the percentage of hydrogen is 35 percent of total mass in the core today.

Answer 20

(c)

To determine

The percentage of hydrogen in the core originally.

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 39QAP

The percentage of hydrogen will zero percent of total mass in the core after 5 billion years from now.

Explanation of Solution

Sun is middle-aged, main sequence star of G2 spectral type. The surface temperature of the Sun is 5800 K. It continuously produces energy with the help of nuclear fusion occurring in its core that is transferred from its core to outer surface.

The sun had even mass composition of helium and hydrogen throughout its core and surface when it was formed. Helium was 30 percent and hydrogen was 70 percent at the time of formation of the Sun.

However, continuous fusion of hydrogen atoms into helium decreases the amount of hydrogen in the core. Today, only 35 percent of total mass is hydrogen and 65 percent of total mass is helium.

The lifetime of Sun is 10 billion years; out of which it has spent already 5 billion years. The continuous fusion will result into zero percent of hydrogen in the core after 5 billion years form now.

Conclusion:

Thus, the percentage of hydrogen will zero percent of total mass in the core after 5 billion years from now.

Answer 21

(c)

To determine

The percentage of hydrogen in the core originally.

Answer 22

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 39QAP

The percentage of hydrogen will zero percent of total mass in the core after 5 billion years from now.

Answer 23

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer 24

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer 25

Expert Solution

Answer 26

Explanation of Solution

Sun is middle-aged, main sequence star of G2 spectral type. The surface temperature of the Sun is 5800 K. It continuously produces energy with the help of nuclear fusion occurring in its core that is transferred from its core to outer surface.

The sun had even mass composition of helium and hydrogen throughout its core and surface when it was formed. Helium was 30 percent and hydrogen was 70 percent at the time of formation of the Sun.

However, continuous fusion of hydrogen atoms into helium decreases the amount of hydrogen in the core. Today, only 35 percent of total mass is hydrogen and 65 percent of total mass is helium.

The lifetime of Sun is 10 billion years; out of which it has spent already 5 billion years. The continuous fusion will result into zero percent of hydrogen in the core after 5 billion years form now.

Conclusion:

Thus, the percentage of hydrogen will zero percent of total mass in the core after 5 billion years from now.

Answer 27

(d)

To determine

The percentage of hydrogen in the entire Sun originally.

(d)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 39QAP

The percentage of hydrogen was 70 percent of total mass in the entire Sun originally.

Explanation of Solution

Sun is middle-aged, main sequence star of G2 spectral type. The surface temperature of the Sun is 5800 K. It continuously produces energy with the help of nuclear fusion occurring in its core that is transferred from its core to outer surface.

The sun had even mass composition of helium and hydrogen throughout its core and surface when it was formed. Helium was 30 percent and hydrogen was 70 percent at the time of formation of the Sun.

Conclusion:

Thus, the percentage of hydrogen was 70 percent of total mass in the entire Sun originally.

Answer 28

(d)

To determine

The percentage of hydrogen in the entire Sun originally.

Answer 29

(d)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 39QAP

The percentage of hydrogen was 70 percent of total mass in the entire Sun originally.

Answer 30

(d)

Expert Solution

Answer 31

(d)

Expert Solution

Answer 32

Expert Solution

Answer 33

Explanation of Solution

Sun is middle-aged, main sequence star of G2 spectral type. The surface temperature of the Sun is 5800 K. It continuously produces energy with the help of nuclear fusion occurring in its core that is transferred from its core to outer surface.

The sun had even mass composition of helium and hydrogen throughout its core and surface when it was formed. Helium was 30 percent and hydrogen was 70 percent at the time of formation of the Sun.

Conclusion:

Thus, the percentage of hydrogen was 70 percent of total mass in the entire Sun originally.

Answer 34

(e)

To determine

The percentage of hydrogen in the core today.

(e)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 39QAP

The percentage of hydrogen is 66 percent of total mass in the entire Sun today.

Explanation of Solution

Sun is middle-aged, main sequence star of G2 spectral type. The surface temperature of the Sun is 5800 K. It continuously produces energy with the help of nuclear fusion occurring in its core that is transferred from its core to outer surface.

The sun had even mass composition of helium and hydrogen throughout its core and surface when it was formed. Helium was 30 percent and hydrogen was 70 percent at the time of formation of the Sun.

However, continuous fusion of hydrogen atoms into helium decreases the amount of hydrogen in the core. Today, only 35 percent of total mass is hydrogen and 65 percent of total mass is helium.

The core of the Sun extends up to 0.2 times the size of the Sun; composition of the Sun in remaining surface is still the same; it means the ratio of hydrogen and helium amount in outer 80 percent has not changed and only inner 20 percent is changed.

From figure, it is observed that 66 percent is hydrogen and 34 percent is helium of total mass in the entire Sun.

Conclusion:

Thus, the percentage of hydrogen is 66 percent of total mass in the entire Sun today.

Answer 35

(e)

To determine

The percentage of hydrogen in the core today.

Answer 36

(e)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 39QAP

The percentage of hydrogen is 66 percent of total mass in the entire Sun today.

Answer 37

(e)

Expert Solution

Answer 38

(e)

Expert Solution

Answer 39

Expert Solution

Answer 40

Explanation of Solution

Sun is middle-aged, main sequence star of G2 spectral type. The surface temperature of the Sun is 5800 K. It continuously produces energy with the help of nuclear fusion occurring in its core that is transferred from its core to outer surface.

The sun had even mass composition of helium and hydrogen throughout its core and surface when it was formed. Helium was 30 percent and hydrogen was 70 percent at the time of formation of the Sun.

However, continuous fusion of hydrogen atoms into helium decreases the amount of hydrogen in the core. Today, only 35 percent of total mass is hydrogen and 65 percent of total mass is helium.

The core of the Sun extends up to 0.2 times the size of the Sun; composition of the Sun in remaining surface is still the same; it means the ratio of hydrogen and helium amount in outer 80 percent has not changed and only inner 20 percent is changed.

From figure, it is observed that 66 percent is hydrogen and 34 percent is helium of total mass in the entire Sun.

Conclusion:

Thus, the percentage of hydrogen is 66 percent of total mass in the entire Sun today.

Answer 41

(f)

To determine

The percentage of hydrogen in the core originally.

(f)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 39QAP

The percentage of hydrogen is 62 percent of total mass in the entire Sun today.

Explanation of Solution

Sun is middle-aged, main sequence star of G2 spectral type. The surface temperature of the Sun is 5800 K. It continuously produces energy with the help of nuclear fusion occurring in its core that is transferred from its core to outer surface.

The sun had even mass composition of helium and hydrogen throughout its core and surface when it was formed. Helium was 30 percent and hydrogen was 70 percent at the time of formation of the Sun.

However, continuous fusion of hydrogen atoms into helium decreases the amount of hydrogen in the core. Today, only 35 percent of total mass is hydrogen and 65 percent of total mass is helium.

The lifetime of Sun is 10 billion years; out of which it has spent already 5 billion years. The continuous fusion will result into zero percent of hydrogen in the core after 5 billion years form now.

The core of the Sun extends up to 0.2 times the size of the Sun; composition of the Sun in remaining surface is still the same; it means the ratio of hydrogen and helium amount in outer 80 percent has not changed and only inner 20 percent is changed.

From figure, it is observed that 62 percent is hydrogen and 38 percent is helium of total mass in the entire Sun.

Conclusion:

Thus, the percentage of hydrogen is 62 percent of total mass in the entire Sun today.

Answer 42

(f)

To determine

The percentage of hydrogen in the core originally.

Answer 43

(f)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 39QAP

The percentage of hydrogen is 62 percent of total mass in the entire Sun today.

Answer 44

(f)

Expert Solution

Answer 45

(f)

Expert Solution

Answer 46

Expert Solution

Answer 47

Explanation of Solution

Sun is middle-aged, main sequence star of G2 spectral type. The surface temperature of the Sun is 5800 K. It continuously produces energy with the help of nuclear fusion occurring in its core that is transferred from its core to outer surface.

The sun had even mass composition of helium and hydrogen throughout its core and surface when it was formed. Helium was 30 percent and hydrogen was 70 percent at the time of formation of the Sun.

However, continuous fusion of hydrogen atoms into helium decreases the amount of hydrogen in the core. Today, only 35 percent of total mass is hydrogen and 65 percent of total mass is helium.

The lifetime of Sun is 10 billion years; out of which it has spent already 5 billion years. The continuous fusion will result into zero percent of hydrogen in the core after 5 billion years form now.

The core of the Sun extends up to 0.2 times the size of the Sun; composition of the Sun in remaining surface is still the same; it means the ratio of hydrogen and helium amount in outer 80 percent has not changed and only inner 20 percent is changed.

From figure, it is observed that 62 percent is hydrogen and 38 percent is helium of total mass in the entire Sun.

Conclusion:

Thus, the percentage of hydrogen is 62 percent of total mass in the entire Sun today.