Principles of Biology
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9781259875120
Author: Robert Brooker, Eric P. Widmaier Dr., Linda Graham Dr. Ph.D., Peter Stiling Dr. Ph.D.
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 11.7, Problem 1TYK
Summary Introduction
Introduction:
Cancer is a class of diseases that include abnormal growth of cells with the ability to invade or spread to other parts of the body. It differs from the tumors that are benign and do not spread.
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Cancer is caused by many different types of gene mutations. Some mutations are in proto-oncogenes, which lead to overexpression of the genes, and other mutations are in tumor suppressor genes, which lead to under expression or no expression in these genes. Which kinds of gene mutations would RNA interference (RNAi) be better at treating? Explain.
Define oncogene, proto-oncogene, and tumor-suppressor gene.
"In the cellular regulatory pathways that control cell growth and proliferation, the products of oncogenes are stimulatory components and the products of tumor suppressor genes are inhibitory components" is true or false.
Chapter 11 Solutions
Principles of Biology
Ch. 11.1 - Which of these binding interactions might be...Ch. 11.1 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 11.1 - When an ncRNA functions as a decoy, it contains...Ch. 11.2 - Prob. 1BCCh. 11.2 - Prob. 1CCCh. 11.2 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 11.3 - Prob. 1CCCh. 11.3 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 11.4 - Explain why RISC binds to a specific mRNA. What...Ch. 11.4 - The process of RNA interference may lead to the...
Ch. 11.4 - To catalyze the methylation of an rRNA, a snoRNA...Ch. 11.5 - Prob. 1BCCh. 11.5 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 11.6 - Prob. 1CCCh. 11.6 - Which of the following components are needed for...Ch. 11.6 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 11.7 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 11 - Which of the following types of molecules could...Ch. 11 - Prob. 2TYCh. 11 - Prob. 3TYCh. 11 - Prob. 4TYCh. 11 - Prob. 5TYCh. 11 - Prob. 6TYCh. 11 - Prob. 7TYCh. 11 - Prob. 8TYCh. 11 - Prob. 9TYCh. 11 - Prob. 10TYCh. 11 - An ncRNA may have the following funtions:...Ch. 11 - Prob. 2CCQCh. 11 - Prob. 3CCQCh. 11 - Review the concept of an RNA world described in...Ch. 11 - Prob. 2CBQ
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- Which of the following mutations will result in cancer? a. homozygous recessive mutation in a tumor-suppressor gene coding for a nonfunctional protein b. dominant mutation in a tumor-suppressor gene in which the normal protein product is overexpressed c. homozygous recessive mutation in which there is a deletion in the coding region of a proto-oncogene, leaving it nonfunctional d. dominant mutation in a proto-oncogene in which the normal protein product is overexpressedarrow_forwardWhat is the difference between an oncogene and a tumor-suppressor gene? Give some examples of the functions of proto-oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes in normal cells.arrow_forwardThe Bax gene, codes for a cytosolic protein that plays an important role in apoptosis. Growth factor withdrawal stimulates the pro-apoptotic protein Bax. Which of the following are true for the Bax gene? Select all that apply The Bax gene is a proto-oncogene The Bax gene is a tumor suppressor gene In cancer or transformed cells, the Bax gene mutation would be dominant, and a gain of function mutation In cancer or transformed cells, the Bax gene mutation would be recessive, and a loss of function mutationarrow_forward
- Cells in a tumor contain mutated copies of a particular gene that promotes tumor growth. Gene therapy can be used to introduce a normal copy of this gene into the tumor cells. Would you expect this therapy to be effective if the mutated gene were an oncogene? A tumor-suppressor gene? Explain your reasoning.arrow_forwardp53 is a tumor suppressor gene in human cells. Transcription of this gene leads to the production of the p53 protein in cells which modulates many signal pathways that lead to anti-tumor effects. The strength of anti-tumor effects is directly porportional to the accumulation of the protein within the cells of the person. Suppose a pediatric patient was recently admitted for a rare lung cancer related to p53 deficiencies (although the p53 itself is not mutated). Armed with your knowledge about the different mechanisms which govern transcription and translation, what are some potential reasons for the deficiency in p53 levels and how can you restore them if the reason you assumed for the deficiency is not directly reparable (i.e if you assume that protein degradation is too fast, you cannot directly repair protein degradation but you may want to increase transcription & translation rates to compensate)? Will your hypothesized repair(s) cause negative impacts to the cell? Why?arrow_forwardDefine tumor-suppressor genes. Why is a mutation in a single copy of a tumor-suppressor gene expected to behave as a recessive gene?arrow_forward
- Compare and contrast oncogenes and tumor suppressors. Contrast oncogenes and proto-oncogenes. Describe the types of mutations that convert proto-oncogenes into oncogenes. Summarize some functions of common oncogenes in cell survival and uncontrolled growth. Contrast tumor suppressors to oncogenes. Describe the types of mutations in tumor suppressors that are found in common cancers. Summarize the functions of common tumor suppressors in cell survival and cell growth.arrow_forwardDistinguish between proto-oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes. To become cancer promoting, do proto-oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes undergo gain-of-function or loss-of-function mutations? Classify the following genes as proto-oncogenes or tumor-suppressor genes: p53, ras, BCL-2, JUN, MDM2, and p16.arrow_forwardDefine tumor-suppressor genes. Why is a mutated single copy of a tumor-suppressor gene expected to behave as a recessive gene?arrow_forward
- A microarray is a technique used to develop a profile of the messenger RNA being transcribed by cells at a particular point in the life cycle of the cell. This allows the researcher to detect the expression of particular genes at a particular time. Microarrays have proven very useful in the detection of genes involved in certain types of cancer. If the product of a particular gene functions as a tumor suppressor, which piece of evidence do you think would be the most useful in the diagnosis of a cancer due to a nonsense mutation in this tumor-suppressor gene? (Hint: Don't worry about what a microarray is. Think about what you know about mitosis, cancer, and types of mutation.) O The tissue sample responds to treatment with a mitosis-promoting compound. O The tissue sample shows a high level of gene expression relative to a control (noncancerous) sample. O The mRNAs for the targeted tumor suppressor sequence are not being produced. O The mRNAs for cyclins and kinases show unusually high…arrow_forwardWhat is the difference between an oncogene and a tumor-suppressorgene? Give two examples of each type of gene.arrow_forwardProtein N, normally inactivates a tumor suppressor protein. Consider a cell with a mutation in one allele such that protein N is nonfunctional, while the other allele of gene N is wild-type. Which of the following is true for this cell? Gene N is a tumor suppressor gene, and the phenotype of the cell is not transformed. Gene N is a proto-oncogene, and the phenotype of the cell is transformed. Gene N is a tumor suppressor gene, and the phenotype of the cell is transformed. Gene N is a proto-oncogene, and the phenotype of the cell is not transformed.arrow_forward
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What is cancer? What causes cancer and how is it treated? *UPDATE*; Author: Cancer Treatment Centers of America - CTCA;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_N1Sk3aiSCE;License: Standard Youtube License