Universe: Stars And Galaxies
6th Edition
ISBN: 9781319115098
Author: Roger Freedman, Robert Geller, William J. Kaufmann
Publisher: W. H. Freeman
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Chapter 1, Problem 27Q
To determine
If the radiusof the universe is larger than a hydrogen atom.
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Using a single dimensional equation, estimate the number of steps it would take a person with a step length of 2.65 ft to walk from the Earth to Alpha Centauri a distance of 4.37 light-years. The speed of light is 1.86282 x 105 miles/s. Number of Steps = Enter your answer in accordance to the question statement x 1017
A light year (LY) is the distance that light travels in one year.
1 LY = 9.46x1015 m.
Suppose we have detected a planet that orbits a star that is 104 light
years away. How many millions of years would it take us to get there if
we used a modern rocket with a maximum speed of 20.0 km/s (about
45,000 mph)? Assume 3 sig figs.
Using the data in the table below and the appropriate conversion factors, find the mean distance to the moon, in feet.
Approximate Values of Some Measured Lengths
Length (m)
Distance from Earth to most remote known quasar
1 ✕ 1026
Distance from Earth to most remote known galaxies
4 ✕ 1025
Distance from Earth to nearest large galaxy (M31 in Andromeda)
2 ✕ 1022
Distance from Earth to nearest star (Proxima Centauri)
4 ✕ 1016
One lightyear
9 ✕ 1015
Mean orbit radius of the Earth about the Sun
2 ✕ 1011
Mean distance from the Earth to the Moon
4 ✕ 108
Mean radius of the Earth
6 ✕ 106
Typical altitude of a satellite orbiting Earth
2 ✕ 105
Length of a football field
9 ✕ 101
Length of a housefly
5 ✕ 10-3
Size of the smallest dust particles
1 ✕ 10-4
Size of the cells of most living organisms
1 ✕ 10-5
Diameter of a hydrogen atom
1 ✕ 10-10
Diameter of an atomic nucleus
1 ✕ 10-14
Diameter of a proton
1 ✕ 10-15
Chapter 1 Solutions
Universe: Stars And Galaxies
Ch. 1 - Prob. 1QCh. 1 - Prob. 2QCh. 1 - Prob. 3QCh. 1 - Prob. 4QCh. 1 - Prob. 5QCh. 1 - Prob. 6QCh. 1 - Prob. 7QCh. 1 - Prob. 8QCh. 1 - Prob. 9QCh. 1 - Prob. 10Q
Ch. 1 - Prob. 11QCh. 1 - Prob. 12QCh. 1 - Prob. 13QCh. 1 - Prob. 14QCh. 1 - Prob. 15QCh. 1 - Prob. 16QCh. 1 - Prob. 17QCh. 1 - Prob. 18QCh. 1 - Prob. 19QCh. 1 - Prob. 20QCh. 1 - Prob. 21QCh. 1 - Prob. 22QCh. 1 - Prob. 23QCh. 1 - Prob. 24QCh. 1 - Prob. 25QCh. 1 - Prob. 26QCh. 1 - Prob. 27QCh. 1 - Prob. 28QCh. 1 - Prob. 29QCh. 1 - Prob. 30QCh. 1 - Prob. 31QCh. 1 - Prob. 32QCh. 1 - Prob. 33QCh. 1 - Prob. 34QCh. 1 - Prob. 35QCh. 1 - Prob. 36QCh. 1 - Prob. 37QCh. 1 - Prob. 38QCh. 1 - Prob. 39QCh. 1 - Prob. 40QCh. 1 - Prob. 41QCh. 1 - Prob. 42Q
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- Recent findings in astrophysics suggest that the observable universe can be modeled as a sphere of radius R=13.7x109 light-years=13.0 x 1025m with an average total mass density of about 1x10-26 kg/m3 Only about 4% of total mass is due to “ordinary” matter (such as protons, neutrons, and electrons). Estimate how much ordinary matter (in kg) there is in the observable universe. (For the light-year, see Problem 19.)arrow_forwardA light-year is the distance that light can travel in one year. Similarly, we can define a light-second, light-day, etc. as the distance that light can travel in other time intervals. Calculate the distance represented by each of the following: (Assume that the speed of light is 3 x 10^8m/s) 5 light-minutes 6 light-days 6 light-days, but this time answer in miles (enter just the number with no units)arrow_forwardAssume the observable Universe is charge neutral, and that it contains n nuclei (hydrogen plus helium nuclei, ignoring other elements). Take the helium mass fraction as 1/4. How many electrons are there in the observable Universe? Enter your answer in scientific notation with one decimal place. Value: n = 4*1080arrow_forward
- The Universe is approximately 13.8 Billion years old. What is the volume of the visible universe in m3?arrow_forward106x 103 x 1.701 x 1013 186 x 1.701 X 10 -10 -10 106,000 miles= 316.386 x 10 ' light years Exercise: One parsec is a unit of distance equal to roughly 3.25 light-years. The prefix Mega means "million." A star system 24 Mpc (Megaparsec) away from us in the direction of Orion is home to a hostile alien civilization intent on enslaving humans and forcing us to manufacture pizza sauce for their pleasure. What is the distance to these rapacious aliens in kilometers? Use your answer from the previous exercise. 000arrow_forwardmathematician Archimedes, responding to a claim that the number of grains of sand was infinite, calculated that the number of grains of sand needed to fill the universe was on the order of 1063. Our understanding of the size of the universe has changed since then, and we now know that the observable universe alone is a sphere with a radius of 1026 m. Estimating the size of a grain of sand, A) Approximately how many grains of sand would fill the observable universe? B) How many times larger or smaller is this number than Archimedes' result?arrow_forward
- How many kilometers make one light year? a) 9.4607 × 1012 km b) 9.4607 × 109 km c) 9.4607 × 1011 km d) 9.4607 × 1010 kmarrow_forwardMeasure the length of the meter stick using your ruler. How many ‘rulers’ is equal to the length of the meter stick?arrow_forwardAssume the observable Universe is charge neutral, and that it contains n nuclei (hydrogen plus helium nuclei, ignoring other elements). Take the helium mass fraction as 1/4. How many electrons are there in the observable Universe? Enter your answer in scientific notation with one decimal place. Values: n = 1*10^80arrow_forward
- Perhaps the most fundamental problem in all of astronomy is the determination of distance to the various objects in the cosmos. Which of the following seems least reasonable regarding the various measurement techniques: Group of answer choices The Hubble Law relates the recessional speed of distant objects (measured with the Doppler Effect) to distance. Hubble law is most useful for determining the distance to nearby objects, while parallax is most useful for the more distant objects. We can determine the position of a star on the H-R diagram through spectral analysis and then figure out the distance by comparing absolute luminosity (from H-R diagram) to apparent brightness. The distance to nearby stars can be determined by measuring parallax. The distance to the planets in our solar can be determined by measuring the time for a radar signal to reach a planet, bounce off, and return.arrow_forward(the complete question is in the picture) If the Newtonian constant has units G = [N · m2/kg2], the speed of light has units c = [m/s], the mass has units M = [kg] and the SI unit newtons is equivalentto N = [kg · m/s2], what are the units of the relation GM/c3?A. [kg · s]B. [kg · m2/s]C. [m2/s]D. [s]arrow_forwardAstronomers frequently say that “there are more stars in the universe than there are grains of sand on all the beaches on the earth”. Given that a typical grain of sand is about 0.5 – 1.0 mm in diameter, estimate the number of grains of sand on all the earth’s beaches. The diameter of the Earth is 12,742 km. About 1011 About 1016 About 1021.arrow_forward
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