Year 1968 1978 1988 1998 2008 Nominal GDP, Billions $909.8 2,293.8 5,100.4 8,793.5 14,441.4 Price Index (2005 = 100) 22.01 40.40 66.98 85.51 108.48 Real GDP, Billions

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Factor Models

Many attributes might be related to an asset's risk, including market capitalization (size), dividend yield, growth, price-earnings ratio, etc. The use of these traditional descriptors, however, presents a few problems: