When phospholipids are dispersed in an aqueous solution, they will often form more ordered structures in the form of micelles, liposomes, or lipid bilayers. This behavior seemingly contradicts the second law of thermodynamics. Why is this behavior in agreement with the second law of thermodynamics? Liposome Micelle Bilayer sheet
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- When a protein folds, it forms a more ordered structure. Why does this phenomenon not violate the second law of thermodynamics?Which of the following statements is most directly described by the first law of thermodynamics? A B с D The synthesis of highly-ordered biomolecules is coupled with the production of heat energy. All energy-transferring processes involve the loss of some of that energy into an unus- able form. Enzymes reduce the activation energy of chemical energy by stabilizing substrates at their transition states. The energy for the synthesis of glucose is provided by the absorption of light energy in chlorophyll pigments.Many reactions in metabolism are thermodynamically unfavorable (ie-the reaction DOES NOT favor the products). 1) Explain how these reactions are driven in metabolism. (THIS CAN BE ANSWERED IN ONE SENTENCE CONTAINING APPROX 8-10 WORDS!) 2) Evolution has selected for a particular molecule to be the "energy currency" of life. What is that molecule? Briefly describe what makes this molecule the favored "energy currency" over other similar types of molecules.
- Figure 6.8 Look at each of the processes shown, and decide if it is endergonic or exergonic. In each case, does enthalpy increase or decrease, and does entropy increase or decrease?Many types of cells are able to use membrane-spanning transport proteins and a source of energy to drive the active transport of glucose across the cell membrane. Leť's consider a specific protein that is able to transport (from outside the cell into the cytoplasm) one molecule of glucose for each molecule of ATP the protein hydrolyzes. The details of this process are not important for this problem except that you can treat it like equilibrium process. The overall reaction and the associated AG at 298 K for this process are given below. Glc(out) + ATP + H20 = Glc(in) + ADP + P at T = 298 K, AG = -31.3 kJ mol-1 Additional Information: • P. is "inorganic phosphate" (i.e. PO4²- & related species). At equilibrium, [P] = 3 x 10-3 M. • The cell maintains a ratio of ATP to ADP of about 20 (i.e. [ATP]/[ADP] = 20). • The maximum ratio of [Glc(in)] to [Glc(out)] occurs when the system is at equilibrium. a) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant for this process. b) Your expression for…Many reactions in metabolism are thermodynamically unfavorable (ie-the reaction DOES NOT favor the products). 1) Explain how these reactions are driven in metabolism. (THIS CAN BE ANSWERED IN ONE SENTENCE CONTAINING APPROX 8-10 WORDS!) I 2) Evolution has selected for a particular molecule to be the "energy currency" of life. What is that molecule? Briefly describe what makes this molecule the favored "energy currency" over other similar types of molecules. Edit View Insert Format Tools Table 12pt ✓ Paragraph BIUA T²
- Calculate the concentration of CuS in a solution in which [H3O+] is held constant at 2.0×10-4 M. (Cite the source of your thermodynamic constants)Within biological systems, there are always reactions that seem to occur when thermodynamically, they should not. An example is in the process of glycolysis (the conversion of glucose to pyruvate) which has ΔG°' = 2183.6 kJ/mol. How is glycolysis possible with such a large, positive ΔG°', when cells are governed by the laws of thermodynamics?Can the thermodynamic property Δ G° be used to predict the speed of a reaction in a living organism? Why or why not?
- Living systems may appear to violate the second law of thermodynamics because living thingsmaintain a high degree of organization despite a universal trend toward increasingdisorganization. What is the explanation for this apparent paradox?How it is that cells are making larger, more complex molecules, yet they do not defy the second law of thermodynamics? (note: cells are open systems not closed)A 75 kg person doing light work requires about 3000 kcal of food energy perday, 40% of which is actually used by the body’s cells. (The other 60% is lostas heat and in waste products.) Before being used by the cells, effectively allof this energy is stored in ATP, which is then cleaved into ADP and PO3−2 , with the release of 12.5 kcal per mole of ATP.(a) How many moles of ATP are turned over per day in this fashion? Whatmass of ATP does this correspond to? (The molecular weight of ATP is507 g/mol.)(b) The body actually contains approximately 5 g ATP. Estimate the averagerecycle time for an ATP molecule. You see that it is much more efficientto reuse ADP rather than to synthesize it de novo (from scratch).