What is the Controlled Variable and Control group for a researcher that is curious whether 30 minutes of daily exercies can decrease the blood glucose levels back to normal in patients with type 2 diabets.
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What is the Controlled Variable and Control group for a researcher that is curious whether 30 minutes of daily exercies can decrease the blood glucose levels back to normal in patients with type 2 diabets.
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- Schneiderman, Jecker, and Jonsen define quantitative futility as the judgment that a treatment has less than a 5% chance of achieving the desired physiologic result. Select one: True FalseThe following case study is a paraphrase from "Good Clinical Practice. Standard Operating Procedures for Clinical Researchers" (Kolman, J., Meng, P. and Scott, G. editors; John Wiley and Sons publishers, 1998): “While a study subject and a relative were walking in town one day during the summer, a hanging flower basket fell on a study subjects head, resulting in the study subject falling down and becoming unconscious. The subject’s relative called for an ambulance. On arrival at a local hospital’s Emergency Department, in which the subject regained consciousness but could not recall the event, a x-ray revealed a fractured skull. The subject’s consciousness level at this point was deteriorating and after further tests a subdural hematoma was diagnosed, which was evacuated under general anesthesia. Postoperative recovery was uneventful and progressing well until day four, when the patient developed acute dyspnea (shortness of breath) at rest during visiting time. An emergency lung scan…Industry-sponsored clinical trials are legally required to only use clinical outcome measures that have been prospectively validated. True or false?
- What are five variables that might be important to include, and define the outcome for a cross-sectional study design that assesses the risk of developing type 2 diabetes among obese people?A case-control study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between physical activity and coronary heart disease (CHD) in men. A total of 406 men newly diagnosed with CHD were included together with 406 men of similar ages who did not have CHD. The risk of CHD (measured by the OR) was higher among men who were inactive or only moderately active (collectively called ‘inactive’) than among those who were physically active: (See attached image) Odds ratio for inactive men compared to active men= (299 x 136)/(270 x 107)=1.41Suppose there is no misclassification in these data.What would the observed OR have been... 1. If 20% of all the inactive men had been misclassified as active? 2. If 10 % of inactive cases had been misclassified as active?Gemma designs a weight loss intervention for obese individuals living in assisted living homes who are at risk of diabetes and stroke. Individuals in this intervention are provided a personal trainer (3 times per week) and professionally prepared low-calorie meals with organic fruits, vegetables, low-fat meats. After 16 weeks, the intervention group loses twice as much weight as the wait-list control group. What threat to validity is the MOST problematic in generalizing the findings to independent living obese adults at risk of diabetes and stroke? Compensatory/resentful demoralization Cross-contamination Interaction of selection and treatment Interaction of setting and treatment Interaction of history and treatment
- Gemma designs a weight loss intervention for obese individuals living in assisted living homes who are at risk of diabetes and stroke. Individuals in this intervention are provided a personal trainer (3 times per week) and professionally prepared low-calorie meals with organic fruits, vegetables, low-fat meats. After 16 weeks, the intervention group loses twice as much weight as the wait-list control group. What threat to validity is the MOST problematic in generalizing the findings to independent living obese adults at risk of diabetes and stroke?Table 1: prevalence of diagnosed diabetes in adults, American diabetes association 2019. race/ethnicity prevalence overall 11.3% American Indians/Alaska Native 14.5% Non-Hispanic black 12.1% Hispanic 11.8% Asian American 9.5% Non-Hispanic White 7.4% 1) what is the prevalence of diabetes among American Indian/Alaska native adults? 2) what is the prevalence of diabetes among non-Hispanic white adults 3) describe a health disparity between the groups named in American indian/alaska native adult and non-hispanic white adults?What is one alternative metric or test for measuring health other than BMI? How does it work? When would it be a good indication, and what might it lack?
- Describe the ways in which human error can be viewed according to Reason (Reason, 2000) and the strategies that can be used to increase resilience according to the Swiss cheese model (Figure 14.6).A vertical audit of a test for analysing concentrations of progesterone found that the reagents are stored in a refrigerator although the protocol stated they should be stored between 2 to 8°C. The temperature of the refrigerator was not monitored. A horizontal audit to measure the temperatures of refrigerators throughout the department showed none of them maintained temperatures between 2 to 8°C. The quality manager agreed with the departmental management team that the current storage of the reagents for this test was an unsafe practice and a critical non-compliance with CPA (Section 1.1) standards. (a) What are the implications of storing temperature critical reagents in this way? (b) What action is required to resolve this non-compliance? (c) How would you determine whether the problem has been rectified?What effect does duration of a health problem have on its modifiability? Decreased Increased Neither of the effects can be anticipated Both