Que Tuesday, December well Faudos *The amino acid alanine can be used as an energy source. alanine [CH3CH (NH₂) COOH] is converted to pyruvate by the reaction In doing so, CH3CH (NH₂) COOH + a-ketoglutarate → pyruvate + glutamine. Determine the net ATP yield for the oxidation of one molecule of alanine to CO₂ and H₂O. You may ignore the fate of the nitrogen in the amino group of alanine in this calculation. *Two alanine molecules have the same number of carbons as one glucose molecule. How does the ATP yield for complete catabolism of 2 alanine molecules compare to that for 1 glucose molecule?
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- 9. TCA cycle and electromotive force-Consider the following reaction: malate + NAD 32>oxaloacetate + NADH The free energy for this reaction depends on the [NAD]/[NADH] ratio and the [malate]/[oxaloacetate] ratio, with AGO' = 30 kJ/mol, AG° is simply AG°at pH 7. a) Assuming that the [malate]/[oxaloacetate] ratio is fixed at 10, generate a plot of AG versus [NAD]/[NADH]. b) Assuming that the [malate]/[oxaloacetate] ratio is still fixed at 10, in which direction will this portion of the TCA cycle run for [NAD]/[NADH] = 1?10?100? c) For [NAD+] = 10 mM and [NADH] = 0.1 mM, and the [malate]/[oxaloacetate] ratio still fixed at 10, what is AG for the above reaction?What is the catalytic efficiency of Catalase ? Table. The values of KM and kcat for some Enzymes and Substrates Enzyme Carbonic anhydrase Substrate CO2 HCO3 KM (M) 1.2 x 10-2 2.6 x 10-2 Kcat (s-1) 1.0 x 106 4.0 x 105 Catalase H2O2 2.5 x 10-2 1.0 x 107 Urease Urea 2.5 x 10-2 4.0 x 105 O A. 4 x 108 M-s-1 O B. 4 x 108 M-1.s-1 OC25x 10-9 M-s1 D. 2.5 x 102 M-1.s-1 OE 1.0 x 107 s111. Calculate the equilibrium constant for the hydrolysis of glucose-1-phosphate at 25°C AG ° for the reaction, Glucose -1-phosphate+ water Glucose + Pi is - 20.9 KJ.mol-¹1 12. Calculate the Agº for the reaction Phosohoenolpuruvate ADP + Pi ===== Phosphoenolpyruvate + H₂O + ADP ==== Puruvate + ATP ATP + H₂0 AG° = 30.5 KJ.mol-¹ 13. Calculate the AG for the reaction 0 A + B ==== Pyruvate + Pi AG° = -61.9 KJ.mol-¹ C + D at 25°C When equilibrium concentrations are (A) = 10µM (B) = 15μM (C) = 3џM (D) = 5µM. Is the reaction exergonic and endergonic under standard conditions? 14. For the reaction A---B at 298K, the change in enthalpy is -7KJ.mol-¹ and the change in entropy is -25 J.K-¹.mol-¹¹. Is the reaction spontaneous? If not, the temperature be increased or decreased to make the reaction spontaneous? 15. A spherical bacterium with a diameter of 1μm contains 2 molecules of a particular protein. What is the molar concentration of the particular protein?
- The Relative Efficiency of ATP Synthesis in Noncyclic versus Cyclic Photophosphorylation If noncyclic photosynthetic electron transport leads to the translocation of 7 H+/2e- and cyclic photosynthetic electron transport leads to the translocation of 2 H+/e-, what is the relative photosynthetic efficiency of ATP synthesis (expressed as the number of photons absorbed per ATP synthesized) for noncyclic versus cyclic photophosphorylation? (Assume that the CF1CF0-ATP synthase yields 3 ATP/14 H+.)Tracing the Fate of CO2 During Photosynthesis 14C-labeled carbon dioxide is administered to a green plant, and shortly thereafter the following compounds are isolated from the plant: 3-phosphoglycerate, glucose, erythrose-4-phosphate, sedoheptulose-1 .7-bisphosphate, and ribose-5-phosphate. In which carbon atoms will radioactivity be found?Comparing Glycolysis Entry Points for Sucrose Sucrose can enter glycolysis by either of two routes: Sucrose phosphorylase: Sucrose + Pi fructose + glucose-1-phosphate Invertase: Sucrose + H20 fructose + glucose Would either of these reactions offer Jin advantage over the other In the preparation of hexoses fur entry into glycolysis?
- Radiotracer Labeling of Pyruvate from Glucose Determine the anticipated location in pyruvate of labeled carbons If glucose molecules labeled (in separate experiments.) with 14C at each position of (.tie carbon skeleton proceed through the glycolytic pathway.Energetic of Fructose-1 ,6-bis P Hydrolysis (Integrates with Chapter 3.) The standard free energy change (G) for hydrolysis of fructose-1. 6-bisphosphate (FBP) to fructose-S-phosphate (F-6-P) and P: is -16.7 KJ/mol: FBP + H2O fructose-6-P + Pi The standard free energy change (G) for ATP hydrolysis is -30.5 KJ/mol: ATP + H2O ADP + Pj What is the standard free energy change for the phosphofructokinase reaction: ATP + fructose-6-P ADP + FBP b. What is the equilibrium constant for this reaction? c. Assuming the intracellular concentrations of [ATP] and (ADP] are maintained constant at 4 mM and 1.6 mM, respectively, in a rat liver cell, what will be the ratio of [FBP]/[fructose-6-P] when the phosphofructokinase reaction reaches equilibrium?The Reactions and Meehanisms of the Leloir Pathway Write the reactions that permit galactose to be utilized in glycolysis. Write a suitable mechanism, tor one of these reactions.
- 23. An important step in glycolysis is the formation of ATP and pyruvate from phosphoenol-pyruvate (PEP) and ADP. PEP ADP pyruvate+ATP The equilibrium constant (Keq) for this reaction is approximately 2.5x10°. Calculate standard free energy change (AG°') for this reaction. Show your work. onege b. Is the reaction exergonic or endergonic at standard conditions? If, at equilibrium, the concentrations of ADP and ATP are 0.2 mM and 2.0 mM, respectively, what is the equilibrium concentration ratio of [pyruvate] to [PEP]? Show your work. с.Acetyi CoA Oxaloncetate CoA NADH NAD: Citrate Isccitrate Malate NAD co NADH Funaate »FADH; FAD a- Ketoglutarate Succinate NAD ATP Succinyt CuA NADH ADP - P, If you were told to add one of the eight citric acid cycle intermediates to the culture medium fo yeast growing in the laboratory, what do you think would happen to the rates of ATP and carbon dioxide production? (see the above figure) a. There would be no change in ATP production, but the rate of CO2 production would increase. b. The rates of ATP production and CO2 production would both increase, c. The rate of ATP production would increase, but the rate of CO2 production would decrease. d. The rates fo ATP and CO2 production would both decrease.1. Identify the oxidized coenzyme (letter abbreviation only) that participates in this reaction of the Kreb’s cycle. Succinate --> Fumarate 2. How many mol of NADH can be obtained upon the beta oxidation of stearic acid? 3. How many mol of ATP can be obtained upon the complete oxidation of 1 mol stearic acid? 4. How many steps in glycolysis in which ATO is converted to ADP?