Proto-oncogenes are genes that have the potential to become oncogenes through either mutation or an increase in expression. Classify the statements as describing proto-oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes.
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- Which of the following mutations will result in cancer? a. homozygous recessive mutation in a tumor-suppressor gene coding for a nonfunctional protein b. dominant mutation in a tumor-suppressor gene in which the normal protein product is overexpressed c. homozygous recessive mutation in which there is a deletion in the coding region of a proto-oncogene, leaving it nonfunctional d. dominant mutation in a proto-oncogene in which the normal protein product is overexpressedBenign tumors: a. are noncancerous growths that do not spread to other tissues b. do not contain mutations c. are malignant and clonal in origin d. metastasize to other tissues e. none of theseCompare and contrast oncogenes and tumor suppressors. Contrast oncogenes and proto-oncogenes. Describe the types of mutations that convert proto-oncogenes into oncogenes. Summarize some functions of common oncogenes in cell survival and uncontrolled growth. Contrast tumor suppressors to oncogenes. Describe the types of mutations in tumor suppressors that are found in common cancers. Summarize the functions of common tumor suppressors in cell survival and cell growth.
- Match each definition with the corresponding term concerning genes involved in tumor formation. Proto-oncogenes Oncogenes Tumor suppressor genes Haploinsufficiency Answer Bank a gene whose function drives uncontrolled cell division and tumorigenesis a gene regulating cell division that can be mutated into a tumorigenic form a gene that protects a cell from progressing toward cancer a condition in which a single copy of a gene fails to produce enough gene product for normal function"In the cellular regulatory pathways that control cell growth and proliferation, the products of oncogenes are stimulatory components and the products of tumor suppressor genes are inhibitory components" is true or false.Explain why mutations in tumor suppressor genes are recessive (both copies of the gene must be defective for the regulation of cell division to be defective), whereas mutations in oncogenes are dominant.
- For the normal cell to become a cancer cell, mutations should take place in protooncogenes to become oncogenes as well as mutations in tumor supressor genes to be come mutated tumor supressor genes. Select one: True FalseThe Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been linked to an increased risk of cervical cancer. The HPV E6 and E7 proteins govern the cell via altering cellular proteins. The E6 protein interacts with the tumor suppressor protein p53 and directs its ubiquitin-mediated destruction. Can you elaborate about the P63 gene: its function and if it can be altered/mutated by HPV? If it does, what is the relationship between P53 and P63? Thank you!Cancer is driven by alterations in the expression of critical genes, namely tumour suppressors, which play a growth-regulatory role, and proto-oncogenes, which promote the growth and survival of the cell. For both classes of cancer-related gene, suggest a likely mechanism of alteration and sketch the consequence for the gene and protein. Tumour suppressor gene (i.e. TP53, PTEN or APC) Oncogene (i.e. RAS, MYC)
- Distinguish between proto-oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes. To become cancer promoting, do proto-oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes undergo gain-of-function or loss-of-function mutations? Classify the following genes as proto-oncogenes or tumor-suppressor genes: p53, ras, BCL-2, JUN, MDM2, and p16.Describe the genetic changes that convert proto-oncogenesinto oncogenes or inactivate tumor-suppressor genes.Cancer is caused by many different types of gene mutations. Some mutations are in proto-oncogenes, which lead to overexpression of the genes, and other mutations are in tumor suppressor genes, which lead to under expression or no expression in these genes. Which kinds of gene mutations would RNA interference (RNAi) be better at treating? Explain.