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- http://vlab.amrita.edu/?sub=3&brch=73&sim=1628&cnt=1 Explain how the Kirby-Bauer method relies on diffusion of antibioticsA bacterium can protect itself against antibiotics in different ways. Describe 4 fundamentally differentmechanisms of antibiotic resistance. Discuss whether there are any basicdifferences or similarities between these 4 mechanisms and, if so, describe them.A COVID-19 test, which produce result in 10 minutes, has the following test characteristics. The test has a 95% sensitivity and a 95% specificity. The State of Massachusetts is in dilemma whether to test symptomatic individuals or the entire residents to decrease the spread of infection as depicted in the following two scenarios. Scenario A. The State of Massachusetts wants to administer the test on 40,000 individuals who will develop cough, fever and shortness of breath in the next 10 days to identify COVID-19 infected individuals and institute public health measures. The estimated prevalence of COVID-19 in this population is 750 per 1,000 population using a gold-standard test. Scenario B. The State of Massachusetts wants to administer the test to its entire COVID-19 uninfected population (6,750,000). The estimated prevalence of COVID-19 in this population is 5 per 1,000 population using a gold-standard test. Please help the State of Massachusetts by responding to the…
- Before development of a vaccine against this microbe, thedisease it caused accounted for two-thirds of bacterial meningi-tis cases during the first year of life but is still the number oneleading cause of mental retardation in patients who survive seri-ous disease due to permanent central nervous system disorders.What is the microorganism?(a) Haemophilus influenzae type B(b) Haemophilus influenzae type A(c) Neisseria meningitidis(d) Streptococcus pneumoniae(e) Listeria monocytogenesWhat is the main group of microorganisms producing the most antibiotics? Describe the biochemical characteristics of this microorganism and provide TWO (2) examples of antibiotics produced by these microbes.The zone of inhibition measurement for S. aureus with an antibiotic disc of erythromycin is 10. Looking at the chart below, would you say the bacteria is resistant, intermediate, or sensitive/susceptible to the antibiotic? Resistant Intermediate Susceptible Penicillin G (10ug) S28 229 Oxacillin (1ug) S10 11 -12 213 Erythromycin(15ug) S13 14-22 223 Gentamycin (10 ug) S12 13 -14 215 Tobramycin(10 ug) <12 13 -14 215 O Intermediate Resistant O Sensitive/Susceptible
- Below, you can see a picture of an antimicrobial drug. Regarding semi-synthetic antimicrobial drug development to try to avoid development of antibiotic resistance, use 1 sentence to address what is the significance/value of the presence of the various R-groups (e.g. R4, R5, R6, etc.)?In antibiotics, define the terms bacteriostatic and bacteriocidal. What are the mechanism of action and resistance of beta-lactam antibiotic. What are the mechanism of action for one antibiotic effective against methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA).List two features limiting the adaptation of nonvascularplants.
- Why is antibiotic resistance a problem and how can antibiotic resistance be prevented? (List the 7 methods for preventing resistance.)You have isolated a beta-lactamase producing Staphylococcus aureus (not a MRSA strain) from an infected surgical site on your patient. If for genetic reasons, your patient is allergic to all antibiotics except beta-lactam antibiotics such as ampicillin ( they can only take Beta-lactam antibiotics such as ampicillin), which strategy below could you use to treat this Staphylococcus aureus infection in your patient? Note different answers compared to previous question. give the patient erythromycin can use a beta-lactamse resistant beta-lactam such as methicillin or oxacillin O give the patient penicillin give the patient an azole drugWhat is the specific mode of action and the target organisms of each of the three antibiotics used in the exercise (isolation of E. coli bacteriophage)?a. Ampicillin:b. Polymyxin:c. Streptomycin: