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Identify 3 physical conditions that can optimize rate of diffusion of a gas across a membrane, and relate these to Fick’s Law of Diffusion.
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- including Fick's law, what are three physical conditions that can optimize the rate of diffusion of a gas across a membrane?What are 3 physical conditions that can optimize the rate of diffusion of a gas across a membrane (contained in Fick’s Law)?The small capillaries in the lungs are in close contact with the alveoli. A red blood cell takes up oxygen during the 0.5 s that it squeezes through a capillary at the surface of an alveolus. What is the diffusion time for oxygen across the 1-μm -thick membrane separating air from blood? Assume that the diffusion coefficient for oxygen in tissue is 2×10−11m2/s. Give your answer to 1 significant figure.
- Ventilators are often used for individuals with COVID-19 to increase the rate of diffusion of gases across the alveoli. Ventilators could increase the rate of diffusion by impacting which factor of Fick’s law of membrane diffusion: a decreasing the diffusion coefficient (D) b decreasing surface area (A) c increasing the partial pressure difference (P1-P2) d increasing the diffusion distance e all of the aboveYou have 3 cubes, A, B, and C. They have surface to volume ratios of 3:1, 5:2, and 4:1 respectively. Which of these cubes is going to be the most effective at maximizing diffusion, how do you know that?What is the typical value of Diffusion Distance in the air and tissue for an Oxygen molecules after 1 sec if N = 1012 in air and N = 1014in tissue? %3D %3D
- a) How much more O2 can be transported by the blood when erythrocytesleave the lungs? Consider that a normal adult has a concentration of 15 g hemoglobin/100 mL of bloodand that the hemoglobin is 98% saturated with O2 at the usual pO2 of 100 torr in the lung at sea level. b) On the basis of the graph, explain how myoglobin facilitates the diffusion of O2 through muscle cells. Would myoglobin be effective as an O2-transport protein in cells of other tissues? Explain.Below is the oxygen saturation curve for myoglobin and hemoglobin at a pH of 7. The p50 for myoglobin is indicated by the dashed lines on the graph. Mb and Hb O2 saturation: pH 7 10 0.8 Myoglobin 0.6 P50 = 0.2 0.4 Hemoglobin 0.2 - 0.0 pO2 [kPa] Which of these molecules (Mb/Hb/neither or both) has cooperativity? [ Select ] What would you expect to happen to the p50 of myoglobin if the pH were decreased to a pH of 4? [ Select ] Fraction saturationUse the Stokes-Einstein equation to estimate the diffusion coefficient in m2/s and in um?/s for the following particles. Assume that the particles are immersed in water in a test tube at body temperature (37 °C), which has a viscosity of approximately 0.0007 kg m1 s1. Assume the particles are all spherical Particle Diameter ATP 1.4 nm Eukaryotic ribosome 25 nm SARS-COV-2 100 nm
- Consider modeling the concentration of a chemical in a lung using the table below.Fill in the missing values and calculate the concentration at time t = 1 if the starting concentration is c0 = 0.11 mmol/L (millimoles per liter). Suppose the volume of the lung is V = 2.5 liters, the volume of air inhaled and exhaled in each breath is W =1.5 liters, and the ambient concentration of the surrounding air is a fixed 0.18 mmol/L. STEP Volume (L) Chemical (mmol) Concentration (mmol/L) Before Exhale 2.5 0.11 Exhale 1.5 0.11 After Exhale 0.11 Inhale 1.5 After Inhale The concentration at time t = 1 is c1: ______The alveoli and blood capillaries make up the gas exchange surface of the lungs, and as the arrows in the diagram (Figure 3) illustrate, this is where oxygen and carbon dioxide move in a particular direction. a) With reference to simple diffusion, explain why oxygen and carbon dioxide move in the directions illustrated by the arrows. b) The gas exchange surface is specifically adapted to maximise the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in these illustrated directions. Explain at least three of these adaptations.C 8 S 8 7 of 50 6 B B 9 The diagram below depicts the proportion of oxygen bound (0) by haemoglobin at different partial pressures of oxygen (pO₂) in its high-affinity state, low-affinity state and what we actually observe due to the transition made from low- to high-affinity state. Indicate whether the statements below are true or false: 1 8 0 0 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 po₂ in tissues High-affinity state 4 Transition from low-to high- affinity state Low-affinity state 8 po₂ in lungs 12 16 O