Choose the correct path taken by a pair of electrons as they travel down the electron-transport chain. A) NADH → Complex I → CoQ 02 OD) FADH2 - muc OB) FADH2 → Complex I CoQ - Complex III - Cyt c→ Complex IV → 02 - OC) NADH-Complex I→ Complex II → Complex III → Cyt c → Complex IV → OE) A and D. Complex III s Cyt c Complex IV → 02 → Complex II CoQ→ Complex III → Cyt c→ Complex IV → 02 ->
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- Na-K" ATPase ATP + H₂O 2 K+ ADP + P₁ Na Na OD) K Na Na K Na Na Na "K" Na E) a, b, and c C) A symporter K a and b only Na Na Na Glucose Na Na Glucose Na Glucose The diagram below describes: SGLT Glucose A) How the pumping of sodium ions out of the cell can power the transport of glucose into the cell. B) Two types of active transport Na Na Na K"4) Compare and contrast proton extrusion by the Na+/H+ exchanger NHE and an ATP-driven proton pump. a) What is a possible advantage of using NHE over an ATP-driven proton pump if the exchanger does not operate close to equilibrium? b) If the NHE exchanger were to operate close to equilibrium, would the ATP-driven proton pump be more or less efficient at extruding protons than NHE? Why?Which of the following is NOT true of Complex 1? a.) it's a proton pump and it pumps 4H+ into the intermembrane space for every pair of electrons donated by NADH. b.) electrons from NADH are accepted by an FMN prosthetic group within Complex I. c.) electrons from NADH are passed through Complex 1 prosthetic groups to ubiquinone. d.) it accepts electrons from either NADH or FADH2
- a) At the organelle/molecular level inside a mitochondrion, wWhy do cells engaged in aerobic cellular respiration need O2? At what points during aerobic cellular resp is CO2 released? b) O2 and CO2 do not dissolve in water easily but cells must be moist to have functional phospholipid bilayers. For air breathers, moist lungs might collapse and stick together so what prevents this? c) Aquatic animals contend with the relatively lower O2 levels in water, but at least they don’t have to deal with ventilating lung. Complex gills like in fish maximize O2 exchange with a counter-current system ensuring there is always a gradient between the water and the blood. How does this ensure there is always a gradient between the water and the blood? (many people mix this up so think carefully)V-class proton pumps run backward relative to the F-class ATP synthase. Consider the cartoon, which shows the conformations of the beta-subunits and ATPIADP + Pj of the F-class synthase. Which of the following associations between the conformation of the beta subunit and ATP/ADP + P¡ is correct for V- Binding Change Mechanism loose binding ADP+P ATP ATP class pumps? C repeat ADP + P, ADP АТР tight binding АТР +P оpen АТР O The open conformation releases ATP. Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP + P¡ drives the change from tight to loose. O Binding of ADP + P¡ drives change from open to loose. Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP + Pj drives the change from open to loose.C16H34 + 16.28 O2 +1.42 NH3 → 1.65 C4.4H7.301.2No.86 + 8.74 CO2 + 13.11 H20 For a particular bacterial strain, the molecular formula was determined to be C4.4H7.301.2No.86. These bacterial cells are grown under aerobic conditions with hexadecane (C16H34) as substrate. I Assume that 60% of the hexadecane is used for producing cells (also called biomass) and the remaining 40% of the hexadecane is used for other cell functions. You have been put in charge of a small batch fermenter for growing the bacteria and aim to produce 10 kg of cells for inoculation of a pilot-scale reactor. a) Assuming this 60% conversion, what is the yield of cells from hexadecane in kg/kg? b) What minimum amount of hexadecane substrate (in kg) must be contained in your culture medium? Remember that only 60% of the hexadecane is converted to cells. c) What must be the minimum concentration of hexadecane (in kg/m³) in the medium if the fermenter working volume is 4.3 cubic meters? Remember that only 60% of the…
- Endocytosis and exocytosis are both forms of [ ACTIVE / PASSIVE ] transport that [ DO / DO NOT ] require energy. Outline an example/scenario in which a cell would need to perform a form of endocytosis. Outline an example/scenario in which a cell would need to perform exocytosis. a) Name the 3 specific types of endocytosis. b) Exocytosis is considered the opposite/reverse process as? Pls helpDiscuss the relationship between redox potentials E0’ and the organization of the components of the electron transport chain. Be specific, i.e., use data/actual values to back up your discussion. a) What are the values of E0’ for all the components of the ETS? b)How are the E0’ related to ∆G values? c) How do the values of E0’ vary among the participants in the ETS relative to their position in the ETS?The FIGURE 3 below shows a summary of a chemical reaction which occurs in a mammalian during the transportation of carbon dioxide by red blood cells (RBC). т R+ 02 > CO2 + H20 IV U CO2 + H20 II HČOr H* + Hb 02 II H2CO3 Hb02 FIGURE 3 a) State the substances labeled R, S and T in the above diagram. R: S: T: b) Name the part of haemoglobin molecule that binds to carbon dioxide. c) Explain what happens at stage I, II and in we diagram. I: II: IV: d) What happens to HCO, after process IV? e) Suggest the reason for movement of T in the diagram. f) State the importance of process III.
- C16H34 + 16.28 O2 +1.42 NH3 → 1.65 C4.4H7.301.2No.86 + 8.74 CO2 + 13.11 H20 For a particular bacterial strain, the molecular formula was determined to be C4.4H7.301.2No.86. These bacterial cells are grown under aerobic conditions with hexadecane (C16H34) as substrate. Assume that 60% of the hexadecane is used for producing cells (also called biomass) and the remaining 40% of the hexadecane is used for other cell functions. You have been put in charge of a small batch fermenter for growing the bacteria and aim to produce 10 kg of cells for inoculation of a pilot-scale reactor. a) Assuming this 60% conversion, what is the yield of cells from hexadecane in kg/kg? Answer: 0.401C6H12O6 + a*O2 + b*NH3 --> c*CH1.8O0.6N0.12 + d*CO2 + e*H2O + f*C6H8O7 Citric acid can be produced according to the above formula by aerobically growing Aspergillus niger mold in a solution containing glucose as a substrate. The chemical composition of this mold is CH1.8O0.6N0.12. The yield of biomass from glucose is 0.34 g g-1 and the yield of citric acid from glucose is 0.535 g g-1. Using a reduction balance, calculate how many moles of oxygen are needed per mole of glucose. In this calculation, use the following rounded even values as atomic weights for all calculations: C=12 g/mol, H=1 g/mol, O=16 g/mol ja N=14 g/mol. So how many moles of oxygen are needed per mole of glucose ? Calculate the answer to three decimal places.A scientist has noticed that the phospholipid, phosphatidylethanolamine, displays an asymmetric distribution in the cell membrane. Where would you MOST likely predict to find a concentration of phosphatidylethanolamine? O In the cytosolic face of a transport vesicle leaving the trans Golgi network. In the cytosolic face of a transport vesicle leaving the endoplasmic reticulum. O In the non-cytosolic face of a late endosome fusing to the lysosome. O In the non-cytosolic face of a transport vesicle fusing to the plasma membrane.