Bacteria grow in a nutrient solution at a rate proportional to the amount present. Initially, there are 250 strands of the bacteria in the solution which grows to 800 strands after seven hours. Show (a) an expression for the approximate number of strands in the culture at any time t and (b) the time needed for the bacteria to grow to 1600 strands.
Q: (a) The octapeptide AVGWRVKS was digested with the enzyme trypsin . Which method would be most…
A: Ion-exchange chromatography was the separation technique on the column-based ionic interactions. the…
Q: is bradford assay using dye Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250 a different method from using a…
A: Protein concentration determination is Pa quantitative estimation that can be done in many ways and…
Q: . Most bacterial mutants that require isoleucine for growth also require valine. Why? Which enzyme…
A: A mutation is a permanent alteration in the sequence of nitrogenous bases of a DNA molecule.
Q: After calculating the extinction coefficient for lysozyme above, you convert it into ml mg1 cm1…
A: Lysozyme is a low molecular weight enzyme (~14kDa), it hydrolyzed the beta-1,4 linkage between…
Q: Consider the proteins in Figure 1. Assume they are treated with chymotrypsin to cut them into…
A: Chymotrypsin: It is a proteolytic enzyme that cuts the protein at a specific point. Proteolytic…
Q: A mixture of four a-[32P]–labeled ribonucleoside triphosphates was added to permeabilized bacterial…
A: DNA replication is the process by which DNA makes a copy of itself during cell division. It is the…
Q: Briefly describe what additional steps you might employ to purify the ammonium sulphate-precipitated…
A: The purification of phycocyanin can be obtained by various methods. Multiple processes are developed…
Q: Which technique will be most suitable for desalting the protein or analyzing the actual dimensional…
A: Desalting is a biochemical technique by which unwanted small molecules such as salts, phenol, etc.,…
Q: The effect of base-pair substitution mutations on protein function varies widely from no detectable…
A: It is because of the protein functionality isn't affected by the mutations occurred in the intron…
Q: _____ Mutants Are Useful in ______ the Order in Which Proteins Function.
A: Saccharomyces cerevisiaes, or baker’s yeasts, unicellular fungi are useful in understanding genetics…
Q: How many copies of a protein need to be presentin a cell in order for it to be visible as a band on…
A: 1 kD of protein is equal to 1.66053904 X10-18 milligrams in weight. Using this to find the weight of…
Q: The high rate of bacterial metabolism requires a high surface-to-volume ratio. Why does the…
A: When the surface area to the volume ratio gets smaller the cell gets larger in size,and if the cell…
Q: When Griffith incubated heat-killed virulent S strain bacteria with live avirulent R strains, he…
A: Griffith conducted a series of experiments and discovered the Transformation principle. S strain…
Q: Assume you isolated muscle proteins from three different organisms: one from a fish in the Atlantic…
A: The commonness of 2 distinct animals (belong to separate class or phylum)can be measured by…
Q: High salt concentrations tend to cause protein aggregation. Suggest a way to identify proteins…
A: Salting out is a process based on protein solubility. The globular proteins are precipitate in the…
Q: Proteins secreted by bacteria can be used as biomarkers for diagnostics. Give a concise account of…
A: The identification of protein antigens from pathogens can serve as a diagnostic tool. Several…
Q: When a protein was denatured and lost its function due to its spatial structures were disrupted.…
A: Denaturation includes the breaking of a considerable weak linkages, or bonds (e.g., hydrogen bonds),…
Q: pMDawn is digested with EcoR1, and BamHI. Resulting in fragments shown below: EcoRI: 20 kb BamHI:…
A: Agarose gel electrophoresis is a method of gel electrophoresis that is used to separate a mixed…
Q: Triton X-100 is a detergent which is not commonly used to separate integral proteins from the…
A: The detergents are amphipathic molecules that contain both hydrophilic and hydrophobic components.…
Q: Under what pH conditions can a protein not bind to the beads in a column? pH = -pKa pH =…
A: Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. All of the proteins found inside the cell are made…
Q: Which of the following statements regarding Anfinsen's denaturing experiments with ribonuclease A…
A: Anfinsen worked with Ribonuclease A and showed how can the protein be denatured or it can regain its…
Q: Consider protein degradation in the absence of ubiquitinylation. Is the process likely to be more or…
A: Ubiquitinylaton is the process of the addition of a protein called ubiquitin to the substrate…
Q: When a chromophore binds to proteins, the binding site is generally more hydrophobic than the…
A: Chromophore is a part of a molecule or a chemical group which is responsible for its molecular…
Q: For one ribosome-specific antibiotic, identify the specific step in translation that it blocks?
A: Drugs that are used to treat microbial infections are commonly referred to as antimicrobial agents.…
Q: I mutated carboxylic anhydrase enzyme active site residue. For example, Histidine 64 and valine 121.…
A: Carboxylic anhydrase is an enzyme that helps in interconversion between water and carbon dioxide.…
Q: A spheroidal bacterium with a diameter of 1.0 mm (micrometer, 1 mm = 10-6) contains 25,000 molecules…
A: A spheroidal bacterium are circular or oval in shape which are generally known as coccus (plural…
Q: Why is a strong reducing agent, such as NaBH4, not suitable for use in the conjugation of an…
A: The NaBH4 is a strong reducing agent and can reduce aldehyde, ketones and the acid chlorides into…
Q: The GC content of the DNA in the genome of a newly discovered bacterium is 46%, what is the…
A: Chargaff’s rules state that the DNA content from any cell of any organism should always have a 1:1…
Q: How might the technique of affinity chromatography (see animation) be used to purify lectins?
A: Lectin is a protein that can recognize carbohydrates and can bind to them. Affinity chromatography…
Q: Suppose, you have a solution of DNA, RNA and some proteins. How can you separate the proteins from…
A: The protein separation from a mixture is done to study its structural and functional properties. A…
Q: What is the difference between an autonomous and a nonautonomoustransposable element? Is it possible…
A: Transposable elements (TEs) are the sequences of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) that can move from a…
Q: What would the order of migration be (bottom to top in the gel) in a SDS-PAGE for the following…
A: Introduction: Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) is an analytical…
Q: Why are integral proteins more difficult to study then peripheral, and why integral can only be…
A: The ease with which a molecule can flow through a cell membrane is referred to as "permeability".…
Q: What are the requirements of a laboratory dedicated to animal cell culture experiments?
A: Hello. Since you have posted multiple questions and not specified which question needs to be solved,…
Q: Why was an SDS-PAGE gel used when working with a protein as opposed to an agarose gel? What dye was…
A: SDS PAGE, abbreviation of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis is a laboratory…
Q: fragments will be formed-a, b, and c. Which of the following gels produced by electrophoresis would…
A: A DNA segment is cut by two restriction enzymes and the three fragments are separated on an agarose…
Q: What is the pelleting time for eukaryotic ribosome subunits, 40S and 60S, in a rotor with k= 180?…
A: Ribosomes are complex protein molecules that facilitate the process of protein synthesis or…
Q: When Avery, MacLeod and McCarty used the enzyme __________. No bacterial transformation took place…
A: The Griffith's experiment represent the transformation process that gives us idea about the transfer…
Q: A mixture of proteins having molecular weights of 50 to 200 kDa can be fractionated linearly using…
A: 50 kDa is less elucidate..
Q: Give an example of a scenario in which you could partially isolate a protein with differential…
A: To find out the amount of ammonium sulfate to the added to a protein solution to precipitate the…
Q: Two types of ultracentrifugation experiments—sucrose-gradient centrifugation and equilibrium…
A: Centrifugation is defined as the technique used for the analysis and separating of macro-molecules…
Q: A number of techniques can separate proteins on the basis of their differences in mass. Describe the…
A: Most proteins move electrophoretically in alkaline running buffers because they contain a net…
Q: Nucleic Acids migrate from (-) to (+) on agarose electrophoresis gels because ---.
A: Nucleic acids are composed of a pentose sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base. Nucleic acids are…
Q: in centrifugation, two proteins of similar density (ƿ=2.0) are separated at different speeds. What…
A: Centrifugation is used for the isolation of small quantities of particles or solids in the liquid…
Q: Explain the advantage of using Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP) in determining…
A: FRAP or Fluorescence recovery after photo bleaching is a method used to measure the dynamics of…
Q: "The helix must undergo localized unwinding, and theresulting “open” configuration must be…
A: DNA is the genetic and hereditary material in all living cells (except a few viruses). DNA is passed…
Q: Why does in this experiment, after gel is formed from gelatin the marble in papaya juice to the…
A: Gelatin is a biochemical substance frequently used to form gels. Gelatin is formed by hydrolysis of…
Q: Coumarins and quinolones are two classes of drugs that inhibitbacterial growth by directly…
A: DNA is the genetic material of an organism. DNA replication is a process in which two DNA molecules…
Q: A mixture of four a-[32P]–labeled ribonucleoside triphosphates was added to permeabilized bacterial…
A: A ribonucleotide triphosphate (rNTP) is composed of a ribose sugar, 3 phosphate groups attached via…
Microbial Physiology
Microbial physiology is the branch of microbiology that is associated with studying the physiology of fungi, bacteria, and viruses. It is an important field of science concerning functional genomics and metabolic engineering.
Chemotaxis
The organism’s movement in a particular direction as a response to certain chemicals that are available in the environment is defined as chemotaxis. In brief, it can be defined as the occurrence of an organism’s movement in response to a certain chemical stimulus.
Bacteria grow in a nutrient solution at a rate proportional to the amount present. Initially, there are 250
strands of the bacteria in the solution which grows to 800 strands after seven hours. Show (a) an
expression for the approximate number of strands in the culture at any time t and (b) the time needed for
the bacteria to grow to 1600 strands.
Step by step
Solved in 2 steps with 2 images
- 13. A certain bacteria can grow 10-fold every 3 hours. If there are 500 bacteria now, express number of bacteria "n" as a function of elapsed time in hours. a) Determine the equation of bacteria growth as a function of time. b) Draw a chart with intervals of 3 hours, where 0 Shs 18.5. To figure out the initial concentration of a bacterial culture, you made an 8 fold dilution of the initial bacterial culture 10 times. a) Calculate the overall dilution factor (in other words, what is the dilution factor for the last dilution?). Show your work, including the dilution scheme.5. To figure out the initial concentration of a bacterial culture, you made an 8 fold dilution of the initial bacterial culture 10 times. a) Calculate the overall dilution factor (in other words, what is the dilution factor for the last dilution?). Show your work, including the dilution scheme. b) You then plated 100 µl of each dilution for colony counting. After incubation, for the 7th plate, you counted 217 colonies. Based on the available information, calculate the initial bacterial concentration in CFU/ml. Show all of your work, including formula.
- 3. One gram of soil was suspended in 9 ml saline and thoroughly mixed. From this suspension, 4 serial, 1:10 dilutions were made. 200 hundred microliters of each of the last four serial dilutions were used for spread plating on TY media, resulting in 5600 colonies, 412 colonies, 54 colonies and 8 colonies. What do you calculate as the bacterial concentration in the soil? (For your information 1 gram = 1 ml)2. The following is an incomplete schematic diagram for the isolation procedure used. Label each step with the reagents used and products obtained. Yeast (a). heat, centrifuge residue 1 (discard) supernate 1 A) (b) pH, centrifuge residue 2 (discard) supernate 2 B) evaporate, filter residue 3 (discard) supernate 3 Cool to 40°C + c) + conc. HCI residue 4 supernate 4 alcohol + d) residue 5 supernate 5 C) D) Legend: a,b,c,d : reagents added A,B,C,D : products obtained1. In the bacterial growth curve, explain what actually happens in the “stationary phase.” Are the microorganisms suspended in animation? Therefore, producing a constant number? Yes or No. Briefly justify in 50 words or less.
- 9. You make a 2 ml starter culture of a strain of E coli you typically work with. You take 100 pl of this starter culture and inoculate flask containing 1 liter of TSA broth and incubate it for 20 hours. In the meantime you take 10 µl of this culture and do serial dilutions to determine the number of cells that you inoculated the large culture with. What is the concentration of E coli? 10 pl PBS 50 ul 50 ul 50 ul 50 µl 50 ul P 450 μι PBS 450 ul PBS 450 ul PBS 450 ul PBS 450 ul PBS 990 µl Cell lysate PBS 10-1 dilution 10-2 dilution 10-3 dilution 10-4 dilution 10-5 dilution Starter Culture 125 CFUS Worksheet 4 Biol235L Sp21 10. Assuming a doubling time of 20 minutes for exponentially growing E coli, how many cells do you end up with?1. Table 1 lists a typical recipe for growing bacteria in the lab. A researcher discovered a potentially new species of bacterium from a soil sample and attempted to grow it in this media. Unfortunately, the bacterium did not grow. Identify at least three components that you suggest adding to the medium to enable growth. Provide a reason for adding each component. Table 1. per 1000 mL 1g Bacteria culture media NazHPO4•7H2O KH2PO4 3g 5 g 1 g 0.4% (wt/vol) 0.2% (wt/vol) NaCl NHẠC1 Glucose Casamino acids10. A single cell is placed into a culture tube containing nutrient agar. If the number of cells triples every 2 minutes and the culture tube is completely filled in 12 hours, how long does it take for the culture tube to be only half full of cells?
- 4. You have been given 6 new strains of Bacillus species recently isolated from a mining site. In order to compare the growth patterns of these strains, you set up a 24 hour growth experiment. The bacteria were grown at 37°C in a nutrient broth medium and samples were taken after 24 hours. Each sample was then serially diluted from 10-¹ to 104, and 100 µl aliquots from each plated onto nutrient agar plates for enumeration (using the spread plate method). The plates were incubated overnight and the colony counts recorded in the table below. Strain number B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 10-¹ TMTC 935 TMTC TMTC 156 570 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 10-² B6 TMTC 99 391 TMTC 21 67 Dilution 10-3 786 25 48 670 4 12 10-4 220 Note: TMTC = Too Many To Count Complete the table below by calculating the number of CFU/ml for each of strains listed above Strain number CFU/ml 0 4 112 0 01. (2.5 pts) A pure bacterial culture of unknown concentration was diluted to determine the concentration of viable bacteria in the original culture. Serial dilutions were performed as diagrammed below. Each dilution tube contained 400 ul of diluent and 100 ul was transferred into each tube. TSA plates were inoculated with 100 µul from the last three dilution tubes. a. What is the dilution between each tube shown in the diagram below? Express your answer as a ratio. b. What is the total dilution of tube number 5? Express your answer as a ratio. c. What is the concentration of viable bacteria in the original culture? Express your answer using scientific notation and the units CFU/ml. d. What is the concentration of viable bacteria in tube number 2? Express your answer using the units CFU/ml. e. If you inoculated a TSA plate with 250 µl from tube number 5, how many colonies would you expect to see after the plate was incubated? 1 2 3 5 423 80 13 Number of coloniesBacteria growth and multiplication play a role in infectious diseases : Bacteria can increase in their number by binary fission into two daughter cells. The rate of exponential growth of a bacterial culture is expressed as generation time, how can the growth curve effect on generation time bacterial?