addition to L-lactate, which of the following molecules is (are) generated by fermentation of pyruvate in mammalian muscle? Group of answer choices CO2 NAD+ Ethanol ATP
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In addition to L-lactate, which of the following molecules is (are) generated by fermentation of pyruvate in mammalian muscle?
Group of answer choices
CO2
NAD+
Ethanol
ATP
Glycerol
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Solved in 3 steps
- The inilial reactions in the biosynthesis of the amino acid aspartate at 298 K are: Carbamoyphoephate Cartamoyi + phosphate ADP + phoaphate - ATP AO=-12,300 calmol AG-T800 calimol Which of the following statements is gorrect? A) The energy which is released fron the conversion of 1 mole of carbamoyphosphate to carbamoyl+ phosphate (P) in reaction I is sufficient to drive the synthesis of 1 mole of ATP in reaction II. B) AG for the reaction Carbamoyphosphate + Carbamoyl + phosphate is +123 kcalimol. c) AHP for reaction I cannot be detemined trom the information given. D) Al of the above. E) None of the above.Myristoleic acid is a monounsaturated fatty acid found in small amounts in a variety of foods. Calculate the net ATP yield from the complete β-oxidation of myristoleic acid. The formula of myristoleic acid is shown below (it is assumed that the total ATP production is the same for both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids having the same carbon chain length). CH3-(CH2)3-CHCH-(CH2)7-COOH (Given: The oxidation of one NADH yields 2.5 ATP; the oxidation of one FADH2 yields 1.5 ATP; and the oxidation of one acetyl CoA yields 10 ATP. ) Group of answer choices a. 96 ATP b. 92 ATP c. 94 ATP d. 34 ATP e. 36 ATPHemp oil contains eicosenoic acid (20:149) as its primary monounsaturated fatty acid. Let's consider the conversion of a molecule of eicosenoic acid to ẞ-hydroxybutyrate. What are the ẞ-oxidation products and how many ATP are required during activation for one molecule of lignoceric acid? Given the following, how many molecules of 8-hydroxybutyrate can be produced? 2 CoA CoA NADH NAD+ H+ OH B-hydroxybutyrate Based on the total NADH and FADH2 available after converting lignoceric acid into 8-hydroxybutyrate, what is the typical yield of ATP that can be produced in the liver? Don't forget to include any ATP required for activation steps.
- During glycogen synthesis, glucose-1P is converted into a molecule called UDPG. This reaction also cleaves uridine triphosphate (UTP) forming uridine monophosphate and pyrophosphate (PPi). Provide four reasons why UTP can be used to power this reaction (no diagrams necessary).In working skeletal muscle under anaerobic conditions, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is converted to pyruvate (the payoff phase of glycolysis), and the pyruvate is reduced to lactate. Write balanced biochemical equations for all the reactions in this process, with the standard free-energy change for eachreaction. Then write the overall or net equation for the payoff phase of glycolysis (with lactate as the end product), including the net standard free-energy change.a-Ketoglutarate plays a central role in the biosynthesis of several amino acids. Arrange the reactions to outline the net synthesis of a-ketoglutarate from pyruvate. Your proposed sequence must not include reactions that result in the net consumption of other citric acid cycle intermediates. Pyruvate + ATP + CO, + H,0 → oxaloacetate + ADP + P; + H+ a-Ketoglutarate + CoA + NAD+ → succinyl-CoA + CO,+NADH + H+ Pyruvate + CoA + NAD+ acetyl-CoA + CO,+NADH + H+ Oxaloacetate + acetyl-CoA → citrate + CoA Oxaloacetate + NADH + H+ malate + NAD+ Citrate → isocitrate Isocitrate + NAD+ a-ketoglutarate + CO,+NADH + H* 2.
- In muscle cells upon heavy exertion, oxygen can be lacking and aerobic metabolism leads to conversion of [ Select ] ["pyruvate", "malate"] to [ Select ] ["lactate", "citrate"] . The importance of this reaction to continued glycolysis in muscle is evidenced by the effects on the exercise capacity of individuals with [ Select ] ["malate dehydrogenase", "lactate dehydrogenase"] deficiency. This reaction is vital to regenerate [ Select ] ["NAD+", "fructose-1,6 biphosphate"] , required for [ Select ] ["aldolase", "glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase"] , a critical enzyme in glycolysis. I'm confused if its pyruvate to lactate or lactate to pyruvate in artobic metabolism. Is it lactate to pyruvate? Since pyruvate is converted to lactate in anaerobic condition? Or not?Hexokinase catalyzes the first step of glycolysis, in which glucose is phosphorylated to form glucose‑6‑phosphate. Give two reasons why a Mg2+ cation is required to facilitate this reaction.A common procedure for determining the effectiveness of compounds as precursors of glucose in mammals is to starve the animal until the liverglycogen stores are depleted and then administer the compound in question. A substrate that leads to a net increase in liver glycogen is termed glucogenic, because it must first be converted to glucose 6-phosphate. Show by means of known enzymatic reactions which of the following substances are glucogenic.
- The glucose/glucose-6-phosphate substrate cycle involves distinct reactions of glycolysis and gluconcogenesis that interconvert these two metabolites. Assume that under physiological conditions, [ATP] = [ADP] and [Pi] =1 mM. Consider the following glycolytic reaction catalyzed by hexokinase: ATP + glucose = AG' = -16.7 kJ/mol ADP + glucose-6-phosphate (a) Calculate the equilibrium constant (K) for this reaction at 298 K, and from that, calculate the maximum [glucose-6-phosphate]/[glucose] ratio that would exist under conditions where the reaction is still thermody- namically favorable. (b) The reverse of this interconversion in gluconeogenesis is catalyzed by glucose-6-phosphatase: glucose-6-phosphate + H,0 = glucose + P, AGr = -13.8 kJ/mol K= 262 for this reaction. Calculate the maximum ratio of [glucose]/ [glucose-6-phosphate] that would exist under conditions where the reaction is still thermodynamically favorable. (c) Under what cellular conditions would both directions in the…Pyruvate carboxylase catalyzes the first step of gluconeogenesis. ATP + HCO3─ + pyruvate → oxaloacetate + ADP + Pi ∆G0’ = ─2.1 kJ mol-1 a) Calculate ΔG for this reaction under the following physiological conditions: 370C, pH 7 [pyruvate] = [HCO3─] = 4.0 mM [oxaloacetate]= 2.0 mM [ATP] = 3.5 mM [Pi] = 5.0 mM [ADP] = 1.8 mMWhy does it make good metabolic sense for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, rather than pyruvate carboxylase, to be the primary target for the regulation of gluconeogenesis at the level of control of enzyme synthesis? Match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. fructose-1,6-bisphosphate pyruvate 3-phosphoglycerate increasing reducing glycolytic pathway forward acetaldehyde lactate phosphoenolpyruvate oxaloacetate citric acid cycle back glyceraldehyde- 3-phosphate Firstly, pyruvate carboxylase converts which can participate in the gluconeogenesis pathway, and also plays an additional metabolic role in aiding the entry of intermediates into the Hence, it makes sense for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) to catalyze the conversion of gluconeogenesis pathway , thereby pyruvate carboxylase. to to Thirdly, PEPCK action results in the formation of amino acids and their subsequent entry into the citric acid cycle. Reset Help to push the…