Every Women Matters Program

Although survival rates of breast cancer are improving, it is occurring at a slower rate for minorities (O’Keefe et al., 2015). Recommendations on when to begin mammography screenings vary slightly with greatest consensus for women with average risk to begin annual screening at 40-years-old. Fewer minority women adhere to mammography guidelines than white women and an even greater gap exists for those above and below the poverty line (Kerans, 2004). Based on evidence from a systematic review of 88 studies, the Community Preventive Services Task Force (CPSTF) recommends multicomponent interventions for breast cancer screening for the greatest impact on underserved

Cervical cancer is when there are malignant cells present in the cervix; it is developed in the lining of the cervix. A cervix is a narrow opening located at the bottom of the uterus that leads into the vagina. Cervical cancer mostly affects women between the ages of 40 and 55. This cancer can be prevented by screening for precancerous cells, and it can also be cured if it is detected at an early stage. Over the past few decades the number of cervical cancer cases has declined dramatically due to a more widespread screening of the disease. Today, it is estimated that 10,000 new

This will explore the role gender, ethnicity, race and socio-economics play in the acquisition, maintenance and experience of health care. A particular focus is the interaction (intersection) between these elements and their effect on awareness, education, active prevention and early detection of cancer, particularly breast cancer in women. Cancer is a disease caused by a mutation and rapid division of cells. Cancer is a general term describing many diseases; essentially there is a wide array of types of cancers. This vast differentiation makes it difficult to combat this disease and similarly the differences among individuals cause the course of this disease to vary greatly, cancer effects people differently. Breast cancer is one of the more well-known forms of cancer and is frequently touched upon or glazed over in discussion. A conversation may start with “I know someone who has or had cancer” but way to often this is where the conversation ends. The discussion on breast cancer needs to expand, to further the spread of information and understanding of the many aspects of this disease. “Breast cancer is a malignant tumor that starts in the cells of the breast. A malignant tumor is a group of cancer cells that can grow into (invade) surrounding tissues or spread (metastasize) to distant areas of the body” (What is Breast cancer). Breast cancer can be found in both male and female populations but it is particularly, prevalent among women, Breast cancer is the most pervasive

Marcovitch, S. G., Gold, A., Washington, J., Wasson, C., Krekewich, K., & Handley-Derry, M. (1997).

Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC's) National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program (NBCCEDP) provides access to breast and cervical cancer screening to underserved women in all 50 states. NBCCEDP programs use population-based approaches such as public education, patient navigation, and outreach, care coordination to increase screening and reach underserved and uninsured populations. This program provides cervical screening for 21 to 64 year and breast screening for 40 to 64 years. Since this program initiated in 1991 almost 3.7 million women has been screened and 44,885 cases of breast cancer, 2,554 cervical cancers and123, 563 cervical precursor lesions have been detected (Benard et.al , 2011). NBCCEDP use Conceptual Framework supports a collection of strategies to reach uninsured women, including program controlling, screening and diagnostic services. Team members of the NBCCEDP work collaboratively to provide breast and cervical cancer screening, diagnostic evaluation, treatment and referrals. “The program's continued success depends in large part on the complementary efforts of a variety of national partner organizations, as well as on state and community partners” (CDC, 2012). The key success for these two cancer screening programmes

Mammography, the most effective method for detecting breast cancer at its early stages, can identify malignancies before they can be felt and before symptoms develop. According to the report, from 2000 to 2010, the percentage of women who received a mammogram decline for women from poor and low-income households and for non-Hispanic whites. Furthermore, women from poor, low-income, and middle-income households were less likely to receive a mammogram compared with women from high-income households. In National Healthcare Quality Report (NHQR), among women ages 50-64, uninsured women were less likely to receive a mammogram compared with those with private insurance. The two main factors that serve as a barrier to early detection and cure for breast cancer are socio-economic status (no health insurance/poor access to healthcare) and lack of awareness of the importance of breast cancer screening. The impact of these factors is to the patients and their families is that frequently, breast cancer would be detected at an already advanced stage and the prognosis would be poor, leading to mortality. Cancer diagnosed early before spread has occurred are generally more amenable to treatment and cancers diagnosed late with extensive spread have poor prognoses. In these cases, treatment would just be of palliative in nature. Early detection through screening means early treatment and lower mortality

In today’s society, women are not getting their mammograms done because they feel they are not necessary or because they are afraid of the results of the mammograms. Since women do not get their mammograms done, they are exposed to breast cancer. According to the National Cancer Institute, women who get mammograms, reduce about “15% to 20% in mortality from breast cancer” (“National Cancer Institute” 1). If women would increase the rate of getting mammograms, there will be less deaths in women.

This essay will attempt to discuss the theoretical principals of population screening as well as the importance of diagnostic breast care services, with the influence of a multi-disciplinary team.

The Every Woman Matters Program was created as a tactic to fix the current suboptimal levels of cancer screening for women in Nebraska. Researchers found that even though low income level women understood the importance of these types of screening, this specific type of comprehension did very little to push women towards getting screened for these types of cancers (Backer et al., 2005). This is of course understandable: women in low income households are more likely to have a host of other stressors and anxieties regarding day to day existence and the task of making ends meet, than women in high income groups. Daily survival getting to work, taking care of one's kids and other obligations leave these women with little time for much else; while the importance of such screenings might be understood, they're often not a high priority. For example, "African-American and low-income women have lower rates of cancer screening and higher rates of late-stage disease than do their counterparts" (Park et al., 2008). This is simply a trend that many medical professionals are aware of and one which needs to be corrected and which is in part one of the reasons that the Every Woman Matters Program was created. All women should participate in cervical and breast cancer screening regardless of income.

Cervical cancer is one of the highly popular disease for the women. Different programmes has been made up to fight against this deadly disease. New Zealand has one of the best screening programmes in the world. The establishment of National Cervical Cancer Screening Programme in NZ in 1990 had reduced a significant number of 60% of women who develop cervical cancer and who die from it since it was built. More than 1 million New Zealander women are enrolled in this programme and 95 % are eligible. The Cervical Cancer screening programme aims to; informing women about the importance of having the cervical screening tests; promoting cervical screening tests on a regular basis to women aged 20–70; ensuring high-quality and culturally appropriate services; supporting women with abnormal tests; ensuring there is regular monitoring to see that the goals of the programme are being met. The NCSP also acknowledges the importance of the Treaty of Waitangi in providing a screening programme that is successful for all New Zealand women.

Due to the high incidence of breast and cervical cancer, which continues to rise, the need

Four out of five female respondents had received a mammogram and three out of five had undergone a colonoscopy. Thus, the survey respondents appeared to have reasonable levels of screenings. However, it would be interesting to obtain the screening levels of a sample of American born women to see if there was a significant difference. Also, all respondents had seen a doctor for a checkup in the last two years. This finding is also contradictory to the research literature on low engagement in preventative healthcare.

Breast cancer is a serious condition and takes many people 's lives each and every year. It accounts for at least 18.2% of cancer deaths worldwide.1 In society today, women are more focused on what appeals to men, rather than worrying about their own health. “If only women paid as much attention to their breast as men do” is promoted by National Breast Cancer Foundation. 2 The message that I took from this PSA is the notion that women do not pay enough attention to their bodies from a health standpoint. Men are seen paying more attention to our breast than we do. Being educated on pre-screening techniques, signs, & overall education about breast cancer could help increase awareness and decrease incidence rates3. Women need to stop obsessing about self-image and start focusing more on their overall health. Breast cancer is a serious invasive cancer and if we paid more attention to it then the better prepared we will be in the future. This lead me to find two studies related to Breast cancer awareness. The two studies look at different groups and measure and evaluate their knowledge of risks & symptoms, pre-screening techniques.

This is a health promotion programme developed in order to reduce the occurrence of breast cancer among women over the age of 45 to 69 through early diagnosis and treatment. The assumption is that early detection will improve outcomes. The Breast malignancy screening is the restorative screening of asymptomatic, clearly solid ladies for bosom growth trying to accomplish a prior judgment. This programme will help to identify and provide appropriate treatment to those who are suffering from breast cancer, and also providing promotion and health educational services. In this

Despite the difficulty, researchers have reported the benefits of screening. The most recognized benefit of health screening according to Durojaiye, (2009) is it’s effectiveness in reducing morbidity and mortality from disease by detecting it before symptoms occur. A report in 2006, by the Advisory Committee on Breast Cancer Screening, shows that screening saves 1,400 lives a year in England. In Australia, The age-standardized breast cancer mortality rate in women of all ages declined significantly from 28 per 100,000 women in 1996 to 24 per 100,000 in 2005. Mortality from breast cancer among women aged 50-69 was reported to have declined from 62 deaths per 100,000 in 1996 to 52 deaths per 100,000 in 2005 (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2008) . Evidence also suggests that a reduction in death rates of around 95% is possible in the long-term with cervical cancer screening. The screening of pregnant women to identify and intervene early with risks to their health and that of their babies are associated with improved health status among high-risk populations (Durojaiye, 2009). The idea of screening therefore is to prevent, not to cure. Pope (1992), stats that screening is the second best option, but one which