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- Match the following molecules with their functions. Molecules CAMP Protein kinase A Glycogen phosphorylase Phosphoglucomutase Functions Converts glucose 1-P to glucose 6-P Phosphorylates a substrate using an inorganic phosphate Second messenger that can activate downstream proteins Phosphorylates a protein using ATPWhich of the following is false about chymotrypsin? A Hydrolytic cleavage of a peptide bond by chymotrypsin involves two nucleophilic attacks to the substrate B It is activated in the presence of trypsin C It is synthesized in the thyroid gland D Polypeptide chains in chymotrypsin are linked by S-S bondsWhen protein kinase A (PKA) is inactive, which of the following statements is true? ATP is bound to the regulatory subunit to inhibit subunit dissociation. CAMP is bound to the catalytic site to inhibit the regulatory subunit. The regulatory subunit has cyclic GMP bound in place of cyclic AMP. The intrinisic pseudosubstrate peptide is bound to the active site.
- Which of the following regarding GPCR's is FALSE? GPCR ligand binding stimulates phosphorylation of the heterotrimeric G protein GPCR's have seven transmembrane domains The alpha subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein is active in its GTP bound state The beta-gamma subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein performs signaling functionsDigoxin, a toxin derived from the foxglove (shown), can be used to treat heart disorders such as atrial fibrillation. Digoxin’s mechanism of action is to inhibit the Na+/K+ ATPase. Which of the following is the most likely side effect of Digoxin treatment? Failure to transport glucose into cells during an extended fast Failure to transport glucose into cells after after eating a large meal Enhanced response of muscle cells to Acetylcholine Failure to transport Cl- out of the cell using direct active transportWhich of the following is the correct order of mechanism of how sugar is perceived? Signal transduction caused by the neurons through action potential towards the brain Release of ATP from the activated subunit Binding of molecule on specific ligand and consequent activation of G protein subunit Activation of secondary messengers leading to Cellular depolarization and increase calcium concentration 1, 2, 3, 4 3, 4, 2, 1 3, 1, 4, 2 4, 3, 2, 1
- Phospholipase A2 causes the release of what fatty acid from membrane phospholipids? What chemical class of messengers is produced from this fatty acid?What is NOT a second messenger? phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate cyclic guanosine monophosphate diacylglycerol inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate cyclic adenosine monophosphateCarbon monoxide is lethal at low concentrations yet it plays an important role in cell signalling pathways especially as a cardioprotective agent, explain how this is the case, and what would happen if you inhibited the enzyme responsible for its formation
- N Signal Sequence The schematic above depicts a protein with the indicated signaling sequences along its length. Based on these signaling sequences what type of protein is this? N-X-S/T there is not enough information to determine A secreted peptide hormone A lysosomal hydrolase A glycoproteinWhich of the following contain a correct first statement and an incorrect second statement? Beta- and gamma-subunits of the G-proteins activates adenylyl cyclase. Phospholipase C is a membrane-bound enzyme that cleaves phospholipids bound to the membrane. Polyols are highly oxidized molecules which makes them impermeable to the intestinal lining. Increasing heat of saccharin solution renders it to degradation. Intestinal microbiota utilizes reduced carbohydrate sweeteners resulting to energy production. Dextrose is a sugar that rotates the plane of polarized light in a counterclockwise manner. All natural sweeteners are nutritive. Theory of sweetness provides information on the interaction of the "sweet molecule" and its corresponding receptor.Histamine is a chemical substance released in inflammatory and allergic response. The histamine H1 receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor that activates phospholipase C in response to the binding of histamine. Arrange the data below showing the process of histamine signal transduction from the H1 receptor. Calcium ions flow through ligand-gated ion channel. Phosphorylation cascade leads to the activation of a cellular response. Calcioum ions activate a protein, leading to a cellular response. Enzyme cleaves PIP2, forming DAG and IP3. Calcium iom concentration increases in the cytosol. IP3 binds to a ligand-gated ion channel in thw ER membrane.