The vaccine for Haemophilus influenzae type b is called a conjugate vaccine. It is composed of the tetanus toxoid protein conjugated to the capsular polysaccharide of the H. influenzae type b bacteria. When used to vaccinate infants, the antibody response generated by this vaccine would include O antibodies that bind only to the protein-polysaccharide conjugate in the vaccine. O antibodies to the tetanus toxoid only. antibodies to the bacterial polysaccharide and the tetanus toxoid. antibodies to the bacterial polysaccharide only.
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- Before development of a vaccine against this microbe, thedisease it caused accounted for two-thirds of bacterial meningi-tis cases during the first year of life but is still the number oneleading cause of mental retardation in patients who survive seri-ous disease due to permanent central nervous system disorders.What is the microorganism?(a) Haemophilus influenzae type B(b) Haemophilus influenzae type A(c) Neisseria meningitidis(d) Streptococcus pneumoniae(e) Listeria monocytogenesYou are interested in performing indirect immunofluorescence light microscopy to observe the localization of the catalase enzyme in the cultured HeLa cells, obtained historically from the cervical tumor of Henrietta Lacks. You were going through the lab stock and found a few primary and secondary antibodies. Which of the following secondary antibody can you use in your experiments? O All of the mentioned antibodies can be used in the experiment Goat anti-human antibody conjugated to 10 nm gold Goat-anti-human catalase conjugated to 10 nm gold O Human anti-catalase antibody conjugated to fluorescent rhodamine Goat anti-human antibody conjugated to fluorescent rhodamineCan a mouse infected with Bacillus anthracis generate antibodies against the S-layer? How do you know? I need help finding the answer in the article and explain in short answer link to article: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC106848/
- In (b), why would it be more efficient to use labeled anti-human IgG rather than label the patient’s antibodies?One of the key biological characteristics of SARS-COV-2, as well as several other viruses, is the presence of spike proteins that allow these viruses to penetrate host cells and cause infection. With your knowledge about proteins, which best explain how denaturating agents such as alcohol, and detergents become effective in battling against SARS-CoV 2? O Denaturating agents were able to destroy the spike protein by detaching it to the virus, losing its ability to infect host. Denaturating agents were able to kill the viruses such as SARS-COV-2, therefore, they will no longer able to infect the host Denaturating agents were able to hydrolyze the spike protein to produce free amino acids, therefore, the function of the protein is now lost. Denaturating agents were able to disrupt the native structure of the spike protein, losing its ability to infect host.Antibody binding to a pathogen surface is greatly enhanced when both antigen-binding sites of the antibody are engaged at once, a feature known as bivalent binding. It is possible for antibodies to bind bivalently to a wide variety of components on many different pathogen surfaces due to the flexibility in the protein at the hinge region and at the V–C junction.
- When an antibody binds to the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, it may block access of the spike protein to the ACE2 protein on human cells. This is one way an antibody can prevent the virus from attaching to and getting inside of human cells. But antibodies can do more than just block virus entry. Due to the symmetrical structure of the immunoglobulin molecule, it can bind to two antigen molecules simultaneously, like this: As a result, antibodies can cross-link multiple viruses in a three-dimensional network. Using this diagram as a starting point, draw several additional viruses and antibodies to illustrate what a cross-linked antigen-antibody complex might look like.During the development process of a vaccine for the newly discovered Sars-COV-2 (COVID- 19) virus, pharmaceutical companies developed two potential vaccine candidates, BNT162b2 and Ad26.COV2. Some researchers postulated that BNT162b2 will be more ef- fective than Ad26.COV2 because only BNT162b2 directly targets the protein-manufactur- ing mechanisms in the cell. To test this claim, researchers proposed an experiment in which data will be collected about the efficacy of the two vaccine candidates. In the proposed study, two groups of mice will be randomly assigned one of the vaccine candidates and then infected with the virus. Data about the severity of symptoms in each group will then be collected. Which of the following describes a potential method for measuring the dependent variable in this experimental design? A B с D measure the amount of virus administered to each group measure the time between vaccine administration and virus infection in each group measure the amount of vaccine…Can S-layer proteins be detected by immunolabelling when a capsule is present? How do you know? I need help finding the answer in the article and explain in short answer link to article: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC106848/
- Why test that mice infected with B. anthracis produce antibodies to the S-layer proteins? What is the point, what does it tell us? (figure 6) I need help finding the answer in the article and answer as short a possible link to article: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC106848/Addition of immunoglobulin G (IgG) specific for hemoglobin to a solution of hemoglobin results in the formation of a red precipitate. In contrast, addition of the Fab fragments from this antibody to hemoglobin results in no such precipitate. What could explain this difference in results? Treatment with papain produces Fab fragments with different antigen specificity than the original IgG molecule. IgG can simultaneously bind two different antigens, whereas an Fab fragment can only bind one antigen at a time. The Fab fragments preferentially bind to other Fab fragments rather than to hemoglobin. The hemoglobin molecule antibody-binding sites can bind IgG molecules, but cannot bind Fab fragments.You have the following reagents available Rat anti-Keratin 8 antibody specific for mouse Keratin 8, Rabbit polyclonal antibody against mouse keratin 5 and antifade reagent with DAPI to stain DNA. Both primary antibodies work best at 1:500 dilution. A) What additional reagents would you need to perform immunostaining of frozen sections of mouse thymus tissue for Keratin 8 that is expressed in cortical thymic epithelial cells and Keratin 5 that is expressed in mouse medullary thymic epithelial cells? B) Create a staining protocol including all tubes and appropriate controls to stain 4 slides with frozen thymic sections. You will need 200ul of antibody staining solution for each slide.