Patrick, a 3-year-old male German Shepherd was found to have excess of endogenous glucocorticoid in the body. Highlight the pathways and the types of biomolecules (enzymes or hormones) involved in the disease observed in Patrick
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Patrick, a 3-year-old male German Shepherd was found to have excess
of endogenous glucocorticoid in the body. Highlight the pathways and
the types of
disease observed in Patrick
Step by step
Solved in 3 steps
- Diabetes mellitus is characterized by insufficiency of thepancreas to produce enough insulin to regulate the blood sugarlevel. In type I diabetes, the pancreas produces no insulin, andthe patient is totally dependent on insulin from an externalsource to be infused at a rate to maintain blood sugar levelsat normal levels. Hyperglycemia occurs when blood glucoselevel rises much higher than the norm (>8 mmol/L) for pro-longed periods of time; hypoglycemia occurs when the blood sugar level falls below values of 3 mmol/L. Both situations canbe deleterious to the individual’s health. The normal range ofblood sugar is between 3.8 and 5.6 mmol/L, the target rangefor a controller regulating blood sugar.A patient with type I diabetes needs your help to maintainher blood sugar within an acceptable range (3 mmol/L<glucose<8 mmol/L). She has just eaten a large meal (a disturbance) that you estimate will release glucose accord-ing toD(t)=0.5e−0.05t,wheretis in minutes andD(t)is inmmol/L –…Mention the chemical change that proinsulin undergoes, to be able to act as mature insulin.At body temperature, L-aspartate in proteins race-mizes to D-aspartate at an appreciable rate. Most pro-teins in the body have a very low level of D-aspartate, if itcan be detected at all. Elastin, however, has a fairly highlevel of D-aspartate. Moreover, the amount of D-aspartateincreases in direct proportion to the age of the person fromwhom the sample was taken. Why do you suppose thatmost proteins have little if any D-aspartate, while elastinhas levels of D-aspartate that increase steadily with age?
- The epinephrine-mediated “amplificationcascade” of Figure 24.14 has six steps, all of which are catalyticwith one exception. This cascade leads to the activation of glycogenphosphorylase. This enzyme acts in turn on glycogen to yieldglucose-1-phosphate (G-1-P).(a) Which step is not catalytic?(b) If each catalytic step had a turnover (molecules of substrateacted on per molecule of enzyme) of 10, how many moleculesof G-1-P would result from one molecule of epinephrine?(c) What is the biochemical advantage of such a cascade?(d) How is the amplification cascade of this questionreversed?Glycogen synthesis and breakdown are regulated primarily at the hormonal level. However, important nonhormonal mechanisms also control the rates of synthesis and mobilization. Describe these non- hormonal regulatory processes.Arachidonic (AA) acid is an important lipidinvolved in the production of inflammatorymediators such as prostaglandins. A commontreatment of inflammatory conditions is theadministration of corticosteroids. These drugslower the expression of sPLA2. Describe howcorticosteroid use leads to the lowering ofprostaglandins.
- Discuss how diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) occurs and its clinical manifestations. In your response be sure to address the following points (i) the three events that characterize DKA; (ii) the underlying molecular causes of each of the three events; (iii) the clinical manifestations and treatments of DKA.Outline the signal transduction associated with epinephrine’s induction of the breakdown of glycogen.Is providing extra insulin an effective curefor an individual who has diabetes that is caused by a hereditarydefect in the insulin receptor? Why or why not?
- Describe the process that results in the activation of multiple copies of PKBPKB in response to the binding of a single molecule of insulin to its receptor. Explain why insulin can stimulate the activation PKBPKBof but not the activation of PKPK.Compare the localization of GLUT4 with that of GLUT2 and GLUT3, and explain why these localizations are important in the response of muscle,adipose tissue, brain, and liver to insulinAmong all the endocrine glands one particular gland is more susceptible towards abnormal function - briefly discuss the biochemical function and metabolic fate of such a hormone?