In polymicrobial pulmonary infection, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia secretes a compound which activates an ARG in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This is an example of: Exposure protection Gene Mutation Protection mediated by interspecies communication Vulnerability due to cross feeding
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- Intercellular communication has been studied in detail in Myxococcus xanthus. Review the life cycle of this developmentally complex microbe and indicate at what points during this process intercellular signaling molecules might be exchanged and the message they would convey.How does Mycobacterium tuberculosis gain access through that preferred portal of entry Explain how the Mycobacterium tuberculosis is able to evade innate human host defenses that prevent this from occurring. discuss specific components of your pathogen. (Examples may include capsules, cell wall components, exoenzymes, antigenic variation and penetration of the host cell cytoskeleton.)Which of the following would you anticipate would be secreted through the Type III secretion system during infection? a secondary messenger effector that is unable to cross the host cell membrane, such as the AexT protein that disrupts the host cell cytoskeleton the superantigen TSST that is responsible for the signs and symptoms associated with toxic shock syndrome a pore-forming cytolytic toxin, such as a hemolysin not enough information to determine the AB toxin responsible for the flaccid paralysis associated with botulism
- Explain how each of the following avoids being killed by phagocytes: 1. Salmonella typhimurium 2. Listeria monocytogenesMalaria disease is characterized by cycles of symptoms that last 4-8 hours and have 3 stages; a 15-to-60 minute cold stage when you shiver and feel very cold, a 2-6 hour hot stage when your fever may reach as high as 41oC and finally, a 2-4 hour sweating stage during which your fever drops rapidly. These cycles are called paroxysms. Explain why they typically happen in malaria patients based on the pathogen life cyclePseudomonas aeruginosa can cause disease in immunocompromised people. What are two characteristics - either epidemiological or part of its biology - that make P. aeruginosa an important opportunistic pathogen? Its lack of endotoxin in cell walls helps it stay "invisible" to phagocytes It forms endospores It is common in its environmental reservoir It is resistant to many disinfectants and antibiotics
- Shigella, Mycobacterium, and numerous other pathogens have developed mechanisms that prevent them from being killed by phagocytes. Suggest 2 or 3 factors that help them avoid destruction by the powerful antiseptics in macrophages Suggest the potential implications that these infected macrophages can have on the development of diseaseChagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis, is a tropical parasiticdisease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi. It is spread mostly by insects known as Triatominae, or "kissing bugs". The symptoms change over the course of the infection and can affect enteric neurons. Potential life-threatening complications result from all of the following except- O increased production of IL-10 loss of neurons lack of coordinated propulsive pattern in colon mediated by ENSDifferent strains of Streptococcus pyogenes have different virulence factors, giving these microbes much versatility. Virulence factors include which of the following? Choose one or more: A.A capsule that, when thick, will help the organism avoid phagocytosis by macrophages B.A cell wall containing lipoteichoic acid, thought to facilitate adherence to pharyngeal epithelial cells C.Enzymes that lyse blood cells (streptolysins) D.The production of several endotoxins called streptococcal pyogenic endotoxins (SPEs)
- A 9 year old boy with cystic fibrosis – a genetic disease that causes a number of problems, including the build-up of thick sticky mucus in the lungs- complained of increasing fatigue, shortness of breath and worsening cough. When his mother took him to the doctor, she mentioned that his cough was a blue green color. His doctor immediately suspected a lung infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa a common complication of cystic fibrosis. A sputum was collected and sent to the clinical laboratory. In the Clinical laboratory, the sample was plated onto Mac Conkey agar and blood gar and incubated. Mucoid colonies surrounded by bluish green color grew on both types of agar media. The colonies on Mac Conkey had no pink coloration, so the medical technologist concluded that the cells did not ferment lactose. She noted that the blue green color on the agar plates and in the sputum, knowing that P.aeruginosa makes several pigmented compounds that give rise to colors ranging from yellow to blue. One…Serum from individuals with high levels of antibody to SARS-CoV2 has been used to treat patients with severe COVID-19. What is ONE way (there are several) that passive immunization with the antibody to the virus could help these patients? HINT: think about what opsonization with antibody could do for the innate immune response.Imagine a newly developed drug that is highly lethal against all stages in the life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii. The drug has been found to be safe and effective both for human and for veterinary use. Although the drug can eliminate infection in both humans and cats, its use in humans will have vey little impact on overall prevalence of human toxoplasmosis. Its use in cats, alternatively, could, at least in theory, reduce prevalence in both humans and cats. Explain this difference.
